FIGURE 1.
The models for the associations between HLE, emergent literacy skills, and later literacy outcomes in each orthography (standard solution): (A) English; (B) Dutch; (C) German; and (D) Greek. WRF, word reading fluency; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 3; T1, Time 3; T4, Time 4. †p < 0.10, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.