TABLE 4.
Correlations among the observed variables for each orthography.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
English (N = 172) | |||||||||||
(1) PT_T1 | |||||||||||
(2) SBR_T1 | 0.28** | ||||||||||
(3) ALR_T1 | 0.10 | 0.12 | |||||||||
(4) Voc_T1 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.25** | ||||||||
(5) Elision_T1 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.37** | |||||||
(6) LK_T1 | 0.18* | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.29** | 0.44** | ||||||
(7) WRF_T2 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.25** | 0.60** | 0.43** | |||||
(8) WRF_T3 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.21* | 0.56** | 0.41** | 0.86** | ||||
(9) WRF_T4 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.31** | 0.58** | 0.37** | 0.87** | 0.90** | |||
(10) Spelling_T2 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.18* | 0.54** | 0.46** | 0.79** | 0.72** | 0.66** | ||
(11) Spelling_T3 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.17* | 0.58** | 0.42** | 0.80** | 0.78** | 0.74** | 0.83** | |
(12) Spelling_T4 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.17* | 0.59** | 0.34** | 0.78** | 0.79** | 0.75** | 0.76** | 0.82** |
Dutch (N = 120) | |||||||||||
(1) PT_T1 | |||||||||||
(2) SBR_T1 | 0.15 | ||||||||||
(3) ALR_T1 | 0.09 | 0.11 | |||||||||
(4) Voc_T1 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.24* | ||||||||
(5) Elision_T1 | 0.20† | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.32** | |||||||
(6) LK_T1 | 0.19† | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.34** | 0.39** | ||||||
(7) WRF_T2 | 0.14 | −0.07 | 0.30** | 0.13 | 0.38** | 0.38** | |||||
(8) WRF_T3 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.23* | 0.14 | 0.31** | 0.31** | 0.85** | ||||
(9) WRF_T4 | 0.20† | −0.06 | 0.23* | 0.06 | 0.25* | 0.30** | 0.80** | 0.86** | |||
(10) Spelling_T2 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.29** | 0.52** | 0.36** | 0.65** | 0.61** | 0.53** | ||
(11) Spelling_T3 | 0.18 | −0.06 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.46** | 0.24* | 0.61** | 0.60** | 0.53** | 0.71** | |
(12) Spelling_T4 | 0.19 | −0.04 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.39** | 0.34** | 0.71** | 0.72** | 0.76** | 0.64** | 0.69** |
German (N = 184) | |||||||||||
(1) PT_T1 | |||||||||||
(2) SBR_T1 | 0.17 | ||||||||||
(3) ALR_T1 | −0.20* | 0.16 | |||||||||
(4) Voc_T1 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.32** | ||||||||
(5) Elision_T1 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.21* | 0.31** | |||||||
(6) LK_T1 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.26** | 0.45** | ||||||
(7) WRF_T2 | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.29** | 0.21* | 0.42** | 0.40** | |||||
(8) WRF_T3 | −0.09 | 0.14 | 0.27** | 0.22* | 0.37** | 0.38** | 0.84** | ||||
(9) WRF_T4 | −0.07 | 0.21* | 0.22* | 0.22* | 0.34** | 0.37** | 0.84** | 0.95** | |||
(10) Spelling_T2 | −0.11 | 0.08 | 0.31** | 0.26** | 0.43** | 0.49** | 0.67** | 0.67** | 0.66** | ||
(11) Spelling_T3 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.28** | 0.32** | 0.42** | 0.52** | 0.65** | 0.69** | 0.70** | 0.84** | |
(12) Spelling_T4 | −0.05 | 0.17 | 0.25* | 0.26** | 0.34** | 0.44** | 0.62** | 0.67** | 0.69** | 0.77** | 0.83** |
Greek (N = 238) | |||||||||||
(1) PT_T1 | |||||||||||
(2) SBP_T1 | 0.45** | ||||||||||
(3) ALR_T1 | 0.11 | 0.27** | |||||||||
(4) Voc_T1 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.07 | ||||||||
(5) Elision_T1 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.20* | 0.40** | |||||||
(6) LK_T1 | 0.23** | 0.01 | 0.15† | 0.30** | 0.44** | ||||||
(7) WRF_T2 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.19* | 0.26** | 0.43** | 0.33** | |||||
(8) WRF_T3 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.21* | 0.29** | 0.37** | 0.26** | 0.84** | ||||
(9) WRF_T4 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.12 | 0.24** | 0.29** | 0.22** | 0.83** | 0.91** | |||
(10) Spelling_T2 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.14† | 0.22** | 0.29** | 0.25** | 0.49** | 0.51** | 0.47** | ||
(11) Spelling_T3 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 0.16† | 0.31** | 0.40** | 0.31** | 0.59** | 0.62** | 0.58** | 0.55** | |
(12) Spelling_T4 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.18* | 0.33** | 0.44** | 0.37** | 0.62** | 0.68** | 0.67** | 0.52** | 0.69** |
PT, parent teaching; SBR, shared book reading; ALR, access to literacy resources; Voc, vocabulary; LK, letter knowledge; WRF, word reading fluency. T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4. †p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.