Table 2.

Factors associated with the condition of improved water and toilet among households (multivariate logistic regression, P < .05, N = 1388).

Variable	Subgroup	Access to improved drinking water sources only					Access to improved sanitation only					Access to both improved drinking water sources and sanitation
		N/mean	%/SD	OR	95% CI		N/mean	%/SD	OR	95% CI		N/mean	%/SD	OR	95% CI
Total					897	64.6%				846	61.0%				597	43.0%
Age		51.8	16.5	1.02**	1.01	1.03	51.4	16.1	1.01*	1.00	1.02	52.3	15.9	1.01	0.99	1.01
Number of family members		5.2	1.7	0.95	0.89	1.02	5.1	1.8	0.88**	0.81	0.94	5.2	1.6	0.93	0.87	1.00
Sex	Female	208	77.3%	1.56*	1.05	2.32	192	71.4%	1.44	0.97	2.12	147	54.6%	1.36	0.94	1.95
	Male	689	61.6%				654	58.4%				450	40.2%
Education	High school and above	161	71.2%	2.72**	1.79	4.13	183	81.0%	4.95**	3.18	7.72	132	58.4%	3.08**	2.06	4.62
	Primary level	215	63.2%	1.15	0.82	1.62	214	62.9%	1.64**	1.17	2.29	152	44.7%	1.32	0.94	1.86
	Secondary level	220	60.8%	1.53*	1.08	2.16	201	55.5%	1.47*	1.04	2.06	126	34.8%	1.12	0.79	1.61
	Illiteracy	301	65.4%				248	53.9%				187	40.7%
Religion	Yes	320	91.4%	10.19**	6.70	15.48	285	81.4%	3.38**	2.40	4.75	268	76.6%	7.44**	5.38	10.27
	No	577	55.6%				561	54.0%				329	31.7%
Employment status	Unemployed	186	80.2%	1.80**	1.21	2.68	193	83.2%	2.61**	1.73	3.94	153	65.9%	2.33**	1.62	3.34
	Employed	711	61.5%				653	56.5%				444	38.4%
Locality	Especially difficult areas	176	69.8%	2.39**	1.70	3.35	108	42.9%	1.02	0.73	1.44	77	30.6%	1.68**	1.17	2.41
	Other	721	63.5%				738	65.0%				520	45.8%
Wealth quintiles	Not poor	625	64.7%	0.73	0.52	1.03	680	70.4%	3.83**	2.70	5.43	487	50.4%	3.25**	2.18	4.82
	Near poor	105	64.4%	0.79	0.50	1.25	89	54.6%	2.15**	1.38	3.34	62	38.0%	2.03*	1.23	3.33
	Poor	167	64.5%				77	29.7%				48	18.5%

Marital status and ability to speak Kinh language were not presented in the table because of insignificant association with access to services.

*Significance level at P < .01, **Significance level at P < .001.