Table 2.
Pre–post intervention changes in perceived stress, anxiety, depression, HRQoL, and self-regulation (n = 22)
| Baseline (n = 22) | Post-intervention (n = 22) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychosocial outcomes | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean diff. | 95% CI of diff. | SD diff. | d | p |
| Perceived stress (PSS-14) | 25.7 | 7.7 | 21.8 | 7.1 | 4.0 | 1.1–6.8 | 6.4 | 0.62 | .008 |
| Anxiety (HADS-A) | 8.1 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 0.3–3.1 | 3.2 | 0.54 | 019 |
| Depression (HADS-D) | 6.1 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 0.7 | −0.3 to 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.32 | .148 |
| Anxiety and depression (HADS Total) |
14.2 | 7.4 | 11.7 | 6.9 | 2.5 | 0.4–4.6 | 4.7 | 0.52 | .024 |
| HRQoL (SF-36)a | |||||||||
| Physical Functioning | 73.9 | 21.6 | 42.0 | 31.2 | 31.8 | 15.7–48.0 | 36.4 | 0.87 | .001 |
| Role Physical | 29.5 | 39.1 | 80.2 | 22.8 | −50.7 | −69.3 to −32.1 | 42.0 | 1.21 | <.001 |
| Bodily Pain | 59.7 | 25.1 | 39.8 | 39.8 | 19.9 | 2.0–37.8 | 40.4 | 0.49 | .031 |
| General Health | 46.8 | 22.7 | 66.5 | 22.7 | −19.7 | −32.8 to −6.5 | 29.6 | 0.67 | .005 |
| Vitality | 39.3 | 19.5 | 53.9 | 21.8 | −14.5 | −24.0 to −5.1 | 21.3 | 0.68 | .004 |
| Social Functioning | 50.6 | 27.7 | 44.5 | 17.6 | 6.0 | −5.0 to 17.1 | 24.9 | 0.24 | .270 |
| Role Emotional | 34.8 | 37.8 | 65.9 | 25.9 | −31.1 | −50.4 to −11.7 | 43.7 | 0.71 | .003 |
| Mental Health | 64.4 | 17.1 | 75.8 | 37.3 | −11.4 | −25.2 to 2.4 | 31.1 | 0.37 | .101 |
| SRF-18 | 51.6 | 11.2 | 48.1 | 10.4 | 3.6 | 0.5–6.7 | 7.0 | 0.52 | .025 |
CI confidence interval; d, Cohen’s d; HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRQoL Health-Related Quality of Life; PSS Perceived Stress Scale; SF-36 Short-Form Health Survey; SRF-18 18-item Self-Regulatory Fatigue.
aHigher scores indicate better function.