Table 6.
Generalized estimating equation analysis for improvements between groups with time (reference: home-based exercise group).
| Dependent variables | 1 month, beta (SE) | P value | 2 months, beta (SE) | P value | 3 months, beta (SE) | P value | |||||||
| Abduction (o) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Active | 23.00 (10.49) | .03 | 17.00 (8.09) | .04 | 13.14 (9.83) | .19 | ||||||
|
|
Passive | 23.71 (8.37) | .006 | 27.00 (5.49) | <.001 | 23.57 (8.38) | .007 | ||||||
| Flexion (o) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Active | 6.29 (3.29) | .06 | 2.43 (6.00) | .69 | 9.00 (5.33) | .10 | ||||||
|
|
Passive | 13.71 (2.78) | <.001 | 12.29 (6.10) | .049 | 16.14 (4.87) | .002 | ||||||
| Extension (o) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Active | 4.71 (3.52) | .19 | 5.29 (3.86) | .18 | 15.29 (6.03) | .01 | ||||||
|
|
Passive | 5.29 (3.57) | .14 | 11.57 (5.98) | .06 | 15.29 (5.72) | .01 | ||||||
| External rotation (o) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
Active | 12.14 (3.31) | <.001 | 10.14 (4.11) | .02 | 8.00 (4.50) | .08 | ||||||
|
|
Passive | 5.14 (3.90) | .19 | 9.00 (3.12) | .006 | 12.14 (3.74) | .002 | ||||||
| Internal rotation (level)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Active | 1.00 (0.28) | <.001 | 1.14 (0.37) | .003 | 1.29 (0.40) | .002 | ||||||
|
|
Passive | 0.57 (0.31) | .07 | 0.57 (0.41) | .17 | 0.43 (0.43) | .32 | ||||||
| VASb score | –0.64 (1.15) | .58 | –0.57 (0.94) | .55 | –0.43 (0.70) | .54 | |||||||
| qDASHc | –16.19 (8.28) | .06 | –15.70 (6.11) | .01 | –16.60 (5.97) | .007 | |||||||
aImprovement at the internal rotation level.
bVAS: visual analogue scale.
cqDASH: Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire.