Table 1. Baseline patient, hospitalization, and hospital characteristics of US hospitalizations for serious infections in patients with and without opioid use disorder in 2016.
| Characteristic | Opioid use disorder (N = 7,635) | No opioid use disorder (N = 87,835) | Total (N = 95,470) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Infection type, number (%) | ||||
| Infective endocarditis | 2,935 (38.44) | 10,195 (11.61) | 13,130 (13.75) | <0.001 |
| Epidural abscess | 950 (12.44) | 6,995 (7.96) | 7,945 (8.32) | <0.001 |
| Septic arthritis | 1,690 (22.13) | 22,135 (25.20) | 23,825 (24.96) | <0.001 |
| Osteomyelitis | 2,060 (26.98) | 48,510 (55.23) | 50,570 (52.97) | <0.001 |
| Age in years, mean (SE) | 41.2 (0.39) | 59.3 (0.15) | 49.0 (0.19) | <0.001 |
| Female, number (%) | 3,355 (43.97) | 30,420 (34.65) | 33,775 (35.39) | <0.001 |
| Primary payer, number (%) | ||||
| Medicare | 1,230 (16.11) | 42,655 (48.63) | 43,885 (46.03) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 4,485 (58.74) | 15,995 (18.24) | 20,480 (21.48) | <0.001 |
| Private | 860 (11.26) | 20,515 (23.39) | 21,375 (22.42) | <0.001 |
| Self-pay (uninsured) | 790 (10.35) | 4,810 (5.48) | 5,600 (5.87) | <0.001 |
| No charge | 110 (1.44) | 500 (0.57) | 610 (0.64) | <0.001 |
| Other | 160 (2.10) | 3,230 (3.68) | 3,390 (3.56) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, number (%) | ||||
| White | 5,470 (74.02) | 58,300 (69.35) | 63,770 (69.73) | <0.001 |
| Black | 830 (11.23) | 12,445 (14.80) | 13,275 (14.52) | 0.01 |
| Hispanic | 825 (11.16) | 9,265 (11.02) | 10,090 (11.03) | 0.78 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 25 (0.34) | 1,380 (1.64) | 1,405 (1.54) | <0.001 |
| Native American | 110 (1.49) | 870 (1.03) | 980 (1.07) | 0.13 |
| Other | 130 (1.76) | 1,805 (2.15) | 1,935 (2.12) | 0.37 |
| Median household income quartile, number (%) | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 2,780 (37.57) | 28,590 (33.29) | 31,370 (33.63) | 0.004 |
| Quartile 2 | 1,980 (26.76) | 22,480 (26.17) | 24,460 (26.22) | 0.78 |
| Quartile 3 | 1,595 (21.55) | 19,360 (22.54) | 20,955 (22.46) | 0.31 |
| Quartile 4 | 1,045 (14.12) | 15,455 (17.99) | 16,500 (17.69) | <0.001 |
| Number of Elixhauser Comorbidity Index conditions, mean (SE) | 2.65 (0.05) | 3.34 (0.02) | 3.29 (0.02) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization characteristics | ||||
| Number of major operating room procedures, mean (SE) | 0.74 (0.04) | 1.11 (0.01) | 1.08 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Weekend admission, number (%) | 1,780 (23.31) | 15,645 (17.81) | 17,425 (18.25) | <0.001 |
| Elective admission, number (%) | 505 (6.63) | 14,525 (16.60) | 15,030 (15.80) | <0.001 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Size, number (%) | ||||
| Small | 1,160 (15.19) | 16,895 (19.23) | 18,055 (18.91) | 0.001 |
| Medium | 1,970 (25.80) | 25,185 (28.67) | 27,155 (28.44) | 0.05 |
| Large | 4,505 (59.00) | 45,755 (52.09) | 50,260 (52.64) | <0.001 |
| Urban/teaching status, number (%) | ||||
| Rural | 360 (4.72) | 8,190 (9.32) | 8,550 (8.96) | <0.001 |
| Urban, non-teaching | 1,750 (22.92) | 22,620 (25.75) | 24,370 (25.53) | 0.06 |
| Urban, teaching | 5,525 (72.36) | 57,025 (64.92) | 62,550 (65.52) | <0.001 |
| Region, number (%) | ||||
| Northeast | 2,130 (27.90) | 15,510 (17.66) | 17,640 (18.48) | <0.001 |
| Midwest | 1,305 (17.09) | 19,305 (21.98) | 20,610 (21.59) | 0.002 |
| South | 2,465 (32.29) | 35,180 (40.05) | 37,645 (39.43) | <0.001 |
| West | 1,735 (22.72) | 17,840 (20.31) | 19,575 (20.50) | 0.08 |
National estimates were generated using discharge weights computed for the 20% sample from the 2016 National Inpatient Sample. The Rao–Scott chi-squared test was used for categorical variables. The t test was used for continuous variables. Additional characteristics not included as covariates in the primary statistical model are listed in S3 Table. Medicare is a US federal health insurance program for people age 65 years or older. Medicaid is a US federal and state program for low-income people.
SE, standard error.