Table 1. Demographic characteristics according to the presence of diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Korean adults with diabetes.
| Characteristic | DR | P value | PDR | P Value | NPDR | P Value | Total (n = 1089) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 856) | Yes (n = 233) | No (n = 1072) | Yes (n = 17) | No (n = 873) | Yes (n = 216) | |||||
| Age (years) | 63.45 ± 9.37 | 63.65 ± 9.18 | 0.775 | 63.53 ± 3.53 | 61.53 ± 1.53 | 0.379 | 63.42 ± 9.36 | 63.81 ± 9.19 | 0.570 | 63.49 ± 9.33 |
| Male (%) | 431 (50.4) | 115 (49.4) | 0.788 | 537 (50.1) | 9 (52.9) | 0.816 | 440 (50.4) | 106 (49.1) | 0.727 | 546 (50.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.91 ± 3.34 | 23.82 ± 2.86 | <0.001 | 24.70 ± 4.70 | 22.89 ± 2.89 | 0.034 | 24.87 ± 3.35 | 23.89 ± 2.82 | <0.001 | 24.67 ± 3.27 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.20 ± 1.33 | 8.15 ± 1.62 | <0.001 | 7.39 ± 3.91 | 8.26 ± 2.61 | 0.014 | 7.22 ± 1.35 | 8.14 ± 1.60 | <0.001 | 7.40 ± 1.45 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 142.85 ± 55.82 | 165.41 ± 55.84 | <0.001 | 150.33 ± 56.86 | 165.00 ± 54.86 | 0.380 | 137.43 ± 47.51 | 159.57 ± 53.20 | <0.001 | 141.82 ± 49.46 |
| Vit D (ng/mL) | 19.36 ± 9.36 | 18.81 ± 6.80 | 0.279 | 19.28 ± 9.28 | 16.94 ± 66.53 | 0.161 | 19.32 ± 7.11 | 18.96 ± 6.81 | 0.497 | 19.25 ± 7.05 |
| TChol (mg/dL) | 180.74 ± 37.82 | 189.08 ± 44.56 | 0.004 | 182.51 ± 82.51 | 182.94 ± 82.94 | 0.968 | 180.78 ± 37.92 | 189.56 ± 44.66 | 0.003 | 182.52 ± 39.48 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 163.94 ± 106.57 | 188.11 ± 88.11 | 0.017 | 169.48 ± 69.48 | 145.06 ± 45.06 | 0.158 | 163.58 ± 105.94 | 191.51 ± 221.65 | 0.007 | 169.10 ± 137.11 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.44 ± 16.82 | 128.72 ± 28.72 | 0.075 | 126.88 ± 26.88 | 130.39 ± 30.39 | 0.515 | 126.52 ± 16.92 | 128.59 ± 18.89 | 0.142 | 126.93 ± 17.34 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.96 ± 9.87 | 73.08 ± 10.45 | 0.015 | 74.58 ± 10.05 | 72.98 ± 8.23 | 0.439 | 74.92 ± 9.83 | 73.09 ± 10.62 | 0.022 | 74.56 ± 10.02 |
| DM duration (years) | 7.47 ± 7.30 | 12.14 ± 8.77 | <0.001 | 8.36 ± 3.61 | 15.24 ± 5.24 | 0.003 | 7.62 ± 7.46 | 11.89 ± 8.53 | <0.001 | 8.47 ± 7.87 |
| <10 years | 601 (70.2) | 95 (40.8) | 691 (64.5) | 5 (29.4) | 606 (69.4) | 90 (41.7) | 696 (63.9) | |||
| ≥10 years | 255 (29.8) | 138 (59.2) | 381 (35.5) | 12 (70.6) | 267 (30.6) | 126 (58.3) | 393 (36.1) | |||
| Hypertension† | 524 (99.4) | 119 (97.5) | 0.049 | 634 (99.1) | 9 (100.0) | 0.770 | 533 (99.4) | 110 (97.3) | 0.034 | 643 (99.1) |
| Dyslipidemia‡ | 268 (97.8) | 65 (98.5) | 0.729 | 328 (97.9) | 5 (100.0) | 0.774 | 273 (97.8) | 60 (98.4) | 0.799 | 333 (97.9) |
| Smoking | 0.195 | 0.331 | 0.175 | |||||||
| Current | 164 (19.2) | 54 (23.2) | 216 (20.2) | 2 (11.8) | 166 (19.0) | 52 (24.1) | 218 (20.0) | |||
| Past | 242 (28.3) | 54 (23.2) | 293 (27.4) | 3 (17.6) | 245 (28.1) | 51 (23.6) | 296 (27.2) | |||
| Never | 449 (52.5) | 125 (53.6) | 562 (52.5) | 12 (70.6) | 461 (52.9) | 113 (52.3) | 574 (52.8) | |||
| Monthly alcohol intake | 0.216 | 0.286 | 0.348 | |||||||
| Yes | 366 (43.1) | 89 (38.5) | 450 (42.3) | 5 (29.4) | 371 (42.8) | 84 (39.3) | 455 (42.1) | |||
| No | 484 (56.9) | 142 (61.5) | 614 (57.7) | 12 (70.6) | 496 (57.2) | 130 (60.7) | 626 (57.9) | |||
| Daily sunlight exposure | 0.741 | 0.698 | 0.826 | |||||||
| <5 h | 641 (74.9) | 172 (73.8) | 801 (74.7) | 12 (70.6) | 653 (74.8) | 160 (74.1) | 813 (74.7) | |||
| ≥5 h | 215 (25.1) | 61 (26.2) | 271 (25.3) | 5 (29.4) | 220 (25.2) | 56 (25.9) | 276 (25.3) | |||
DR, diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FBG; fasting blood glucose; Vit D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; TChol, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; SBP; systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus.
Data from the 2008–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
P values were calculated using an independent t-test or chi-squared test.
Continuous variables are expressed as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages.
†Hypertension was defined as a self-report of physician-based diagnosis of hypertension or current treatment with antihypertensive medication.
‡Dyslipidemia was defined as a self-report of physician-based diagnosis of dyslipidemia or current treatment with antidyslipidemic medication.