Fig. 1. The bilateral passivation strategy for efficient and stable QLEDs.

a Diagram of the interaction between TSPO1 and perovskites. The red double-headed arrow show that the TSPO1 group has interaction with the uncoordinated Pb atom. The structure of QLED based on QD films passivated without (b) and with passivation (c), schematic illustration that TSPO1 could passivate defects on the surface of QD films, the defects may trap carriers (e.g. holes, electrons), decrease exciton recombination, and hence degrade the device performances. d DOS of the perovskite surface passivated with and without passivation. e Calculated bond order of surface Pb atom with TSPO1, sulfydryl, carboxyl, and amidogen ligands respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.