TABLE 4.
Summary statistics of neurocognitive and auditory latencies with relationship of testicular hormones by group, adjusted for age
| Summary statistics |
Testosterone |
Inhibin B |
AMH |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XYY | Controls | XYY | Controls | XYY | Controls | XYY | Controls | ||||||||
| Mean ± SD | p-value | Slope | p-value | Slope | p-value | Slope | p-value | Slope | p-value | Slope | p-value | Slope | p-value | ||
| DAS-II (cognitive) | n = 79 | n = 65 | <.001* | .010 | .425 | .007 | .661 | .049 | .114 | .080 | .056 | .039 | .276 | −.047 | .561 |
| Verbal cluster | 89 ± 18 | 108 ± 18 | <.001* | .003 | .838 | .020 | .194 | .089 | .007 | .017 | .637 | .018 | .646 | .036 | .601 |
| Nonverbal cluster | 94 ± 17 | 106 ± 16 | <.001* | .004 | .748 | .012 | .455 | .065 | .025 | .027 | .485 | .010 | .759 | .034 | .637 |
| General conceptual ability | 90 ± 15 | 108 ± 17 | |||||||||||||
| WRAT4 (academic) | n = 76 | n = 63 | <.001* | .011 | .413 | −.002 | .861 | .062 | .067 | −.002 | .930 | .060 | .139 | .068 | .152 |
| Reading | 94 ± 17 | 111 ± 11 | <.001* | .011 | .411 | −.007 | .635 | .076 | .019 | .006 | .846 | .082 | .035 | .022 | .711 |
| Spelling | 93 ± 16 | 106 ± 14 | <.001* | .006 | .669 | .007 | .694 | .091 | .009 | .021 | .588 | .054 | .201 | .058 | .399 |
| Arithmetic | 88 ± 19 | 102 ± 17 | |||||||||||||
| KeyMath (academic) | n = 71 | n = 62 | <.001* | −.008 | .546 | .001 | .972 | .067 | .030 | −.013 | .699 | .027 | .493 | .006 | .919 |
| Basic concepts | 99 ± 16 | 113 ± 16 | <.001* | −.007 | .607 | −.008 | .652 | .068 | .030 | .008 | .849 | .024 | .542 | .090 | .235 |
| Operations | 92 ± 16 | 105 ± 18 | <.001* | .002 | .885 | −.000 | .982 | .049 | .109 | .001 | .976 | .011 | .782 | .034 | .601 |
| Application | 95 ± 15 | 107 ± 17 | <.001* | −.004 | .788 | −.000 | .982 | .065 | .044 | −.001 | .976 | .022 | .593 | .054 | .454 |
| Total | 95 ± 16 | 108±18 | |||||||||||||
| WJ III (academic) | n = 75 | n = 66 | <.001* | .015 | .240 | −.002 | .878 | .064 | .038 | .015 | .577 | .076 | .038 | −.014 | .778 |
| Letter-word | 96 ± 16 | 109 ± 12 | .001* | .003 | .800 | −.001 | .896 | .071 | .018 | .011 | .627 | .058 | .117 | .001 | .982 |
| Word attack | 99 ± 15 | 106 ± 11 | <.001* | .012 | .308 | −.001 | .895 | .064 | .028 | .014 | .589 | .070 | .048 | −.008 | .867 |
| Basic Reading | 99 ± 15 | 110 ± 12 | |||||||||||||
| PVT (language) | n = 79 | n = 65 | <.001* | −.005 | .679 | −.006 | .672 | .031 | .302 | .011 | .766 | −.004 | .900 | .057 | .368 |
| Expressive one word | 98 ± 15 | 108 ± 15 | <.001* | .002 | .891 | −.008 | .599 | .062 | .020 | .002 | .949 | .056 | .070 | −.020 | .761 |
| Receptive one word | 97 ± 14 | 110 ± 16 | |||||||||||||
| CPT-II (attention) | n = 74 | n = 66 | .002 | −.014 | .447 | .011 | .578 | .095 | .040 | .012 | .804 | .055 | .323 | −.057 | .515 |
| Omissions | 84 ± 24 | 95 ± 21 | .727 | −.021 | .059 | −.014 | .393 | .023 | .390 | −.018 | .643 | .050 | .122 | .041 | .571 |
| Commissions | 97 ± 13 | 98 ± 17 | <.001* | .008 | .586 | .024 | .164 | .010 | .787 | .015 | .713 | −.066 | .136 | −.046 | .526 |
| Hit response time | 85 ± 18 | 97 ±18 | <.001* | −.023 | .066 | .005 | .771 | .073 | .018 | −.029 | .475 | .039 | .311 | .061 | .398 |
| Variability | 85 ± 16 | 96 ± 18 | .887 | −.016 | .370 | −.042 | .063 | .067 | .127 | −.010 | .855 | .092 | .084 | .135 | .171 |
| Perseverations | 90 ± 23 | 90 ± 26 | |||||||||||||
| D-KEFS (executive fxn) | n = 75 | n = 52 | .002 | .026 | .109 | −.004 | .814 | .019 | .635 | .054 | .204 | −.026 | .660 | .045 | .608 |
| Letter fluency | 93 ± 18 | 105 ± 18 | .034 | .030 | .079 | −.008 | .627 | .026 | .537 | .019 | .616 | −.058 | .352 | .008 | .919 |
| Category fluency | 97 ± 19 | 104 ± 16 | |||||||||||||
| Auditory latency (ms) | n = 35 | n = 31 | .203 | −.011 | .464 | .004 | .876 | −.051 | .105 | −.055 | .272 | .018 | .733 | −.021 | .783 |
| Left M50 | 79 ± 15 | 74 ± 17 | .581 | −.025 | .045 | .007 | .733 | −.051 | .051 | −.029 | .523 | .021 | .615 | .091 | .202 |
| Right M50 | 71 ± 12 | 69 ± 15 | .010 | −.059 | .057 | −.002 | .955 | −.138 | .124 | −.065 | .343 | −.0545 | .784 | .487 | <.001* |
| Left M100 | 141 ± 33 | 116 ± 21 | .173 | −.011 | .688 | .016 | .646 | −.112 | .046 | .019 | .751 | −.207 | .021 | −.107 | .544 |
| Right M100 | 120 ± 22 | 112 ± 20 | |||||||||||||
Note: All neurocognitive outcome data have been normalized to standard scores with a population mean of 100, SD of 15, and a normal distribution. Auditory latencies are in milliseconds. Summary statistics report means, SDs, and unadjusted p-values comparing cases to controls. Results of the multiple linear regression models adjusting for age and batch include the adjusted slope (estimate) and p-value (significance) are presented for each hormone. Bolded p-values indicate significance at the level of .05.
Abbreviations: CPT-II, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Second Edition; DAS-II, Differential Ability Scales Second Edition; D-KEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; PVT, Picture Vocabulary Test; WRAT4, Wide-Range Achievement Test 4; WJ III, Woodcock Johnson III Test of Achievement.
p-value remains significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the conservative Bonferroni adjustment.