TABLE 5.
Summary statistics of psychosocial measures with relationship of testicular hormones by group, adjusted for age
| Summary statistics |
Testosterone |
Inhibin B |
AMH |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XYY | Controls | XYY | Controls | XYY | Controls | XYY | Controls | ||||||||
| Parent questionnaires | Mean ± SD | p-value | Slope | p−value | Slope | p−value | Slope | p−value | Slope | p−value | Slope | p-value | Slope | p-value | |
| CPRS (SS) | |||||||||||||||
| Cognitive problems | 74 ± 15 | 99 ± 16 | <.001* | .006 | .622 | −.004 | .810 | .052 | .068 | −.036 | .327 | .064 | .052 | .009 | .889 |
| Oppositional | 80 ±22 | 100 ± 14 | <.001* | .045 | .009 | .000 | .975 | .111 | .009 | .034 | .295 | .052 | .305 | −.036 | .536 |
| Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 78 ± 21 | 92 ± 20 | <.001* | .004 | .802 | .009 | .634 | .078 | .058 | .029 | .534 | .074 | .125 | −.012 | .889 |
| Anxious-shy | 83 ±20 | 94 ± 17 | <.001* | .004 | .791 | .031 | .044 | .072 | .069 | .019 | .624 | −.003 | .951 | −.101 | .141 |
| Perfectionism | 94 ± 16 | 100 ± 15 | .045 | .018 | .150 | .032 | .027 | .069 | .026 | .004 | .909 | .025 | .503 | −.052 | .389 |
| Social problems | 70 ± 23 | 91 ± 22 | <.001* | .020 | .278 | .014 | .517 | .108 | .013 | .021 | .680 | .119 | .019 | .002 | .979 |
| Psychosomatic | 84 ± 23 | 99 ± 17 | <.001* | .038 | .041 | .017 | .301 | .067 | .136 | −.008 | .838 | .012 | .824 | −.012 | .872 |
| CBCL Total (SS) | 78 ± 18 | 99 ± 19 | <.001* | .039 | .005 | .018 | .333 | .096 | .004 | .036 | .420 | .035 | .395 | −.008 | .924 |
| Anxious/depressed | 83 ± 17 | 92 ± 13 | <.001* | .035 | .007 | .024 | .051 | .047 | .140 | .033 | .273 | .006 | .878 | −.061 | .256 |
| Withdrawn/depressed | 82 ± 15 | 93 ± 12 | <.001* | .031 | .008 | .005 | .648 | .057 | .045 | .008 | .785 | .015 | .655 | .042 | .368 |
| Somatic complaints | 85 ± 15 | 92 ± 12 | .003 | .024 | .040 | .014 | .235 | .032 | .281 | −.039 | .178 | −.023 | .496 | .028 | .601 |
| Social problems | 74 ± 17 | 92 ± 13 | <.001* | .036 | .006 | .010 | .430 | .036 | .262 | .004 | .900 | .026 | .503 | −.002 | .964 |
| Thought problems | 78 ± 16 | 91 ± 13 | <.001* | .025 | .036 | .010 | .414 | .107 | <.001* | −.005 | 873 | .025 | .482 | −.026 | .600 |
| Attention problems | 73 ± 16 | 91 ± 14 | <.001* | .029 | .023 | .002 | .858 | .058 | .062 | −.011 | .733 | .028 | .438 | −.022 | .705 |
| Rule-breaking behavior | 84 ± 15 | 97 ± 6 | <.001* | .006 | .602 | .004 | .477 | .036 | .210 | .011 | .407 | −.015 | .657 | .010 | .679 |
| Aggressive behavior | 83 ± 18 | 94 ± 11 | <.001* | .029 | .040 | .004 | 731 | .065 | .059 | .009 | .724 | .032 | .439 | .010 | .809 |
| Internalizing behavior | 84 ± 19 | 100 ± 20 | <.001* | .045 | .002 | .030 | .111 | .082 | .021 | .022 | .625 | .024 | .560 | −.063 | .435 |
| Externalizing behavior | 87 ± 21 | 104 ± 17 | <.001* | .036 | .027 | .002 | .916 | .103 | .010 | .045 | .260 | .039 | .406 | .021 | .764 |
| SRS Total (SS) | 72 ± 25 | 95 ± 24 | <.001* | .032 | .127 | .029 | .233 | .152 | .002 | .002 | .977 | .050 | .392 | −.109 | .248 |
| Social awareness | 82 ± 22 | 96 ± 21 | <.001* | .011 | .560 | .021 | .333 | .073 | .096 | .050 | .339 | .025 | .612 | −.136 | .092 |
| Social cognition | 72 ± 26 | 94 ± 24 | <.001* | .017 | .426 | .041 | .088 | .111 | .032 | .029 | .622 | .044 | .473 | −.132 | .168 |
| Social communication | 74 ± 26 | 96 ± 24 | <.001* | .036 | .094 | .023 | .349 | .146 | .004 | −.012 | .838 | .054 | .363 | −.073 | .437 |
| Social motivation | 80 ± 21 | 95 ± 21 | <.001* | .017 | .353 | .009 | .687 | .130 | .002 | −.046 | .359 | .005 | .916 | −.064 | .468 |
| Autistic mannerisms | 73 ± 25 | 96 ± 22 | <.001* | .046 | .024 | .033 | .140 | .161 | <.001* | .013 | .800 | .046 | .442 | −.102 | .229 |
| SCQ (raw score) | 9 (5–20) | 4 (1–9) | <.001* | −.010 | .144 | −.007 | .669 | −.037 | .023 | −.013 | .483 | −.012 | .566 | .009 | .737 |
| Child/self-questionnaires | |||||||||||||||
| CDI Total (SS) | 93 ± 21 | 102 ± 17 | .013 | .038 | .037 | .013 | .463 | .050 | .265 | .050 | .222 | .031 | .631 | −.201 | .006 |
| Negative mood | 96 ± 20 | 101 ± 16 | .169 | .035 | .046 | .026 | .109 | .034 | .442 | .072 | .055 | .025 | .697 | −.104 | .130 |
| Interpersonal problems | 93 ± 20 | 101 ± 17 | .025 | .021 | .236 | −.008 | .653 | .064 | .138 | .036 | .360 | .034 | .591 | −.169 | .015 |
| Ineffectiveness | 93 ± 18 | 103 ± 14 | .002 | .029 | .061 | .008 | .583 | .014 | .719 | .007 | .821 | .062 | .280 | −.132 | .023 |
| Anhedonia | 100 ± 15 | 107 ± 10 | .045 | .035 | .027 | −.009 | .559 | .012 | .802 | .014 | .717 | −.026 | .674 | −.075 | .366 |
| Negative self esteem | 97 ±20 | 102 ± 16 | .134 | .025 | .164 | .010 | .537 | .061 | .151 | .043 | .260 | .023 | .710 | −.218 | .001* * |
| RCMAS Total (SS) | 95 ± 18 | 109 ± 15 | <.001* | .031 | .051 | .008 | .617 | .045 | .241 | −.026 | .494 | −.021 | .707 | −.012 | .861 |
| Physiological anxiety | 99 ± 16 | 110 ± 16 | <.001* | .021 | .142 | −.003 | .874 | .052 | .136 | .014 | .721 | −.008 | .883 | .113 | .121 |
| Worry/oversensitivity | 99 ± 20 | 107 ± 21 | .025 | .016 | .339 | .010 | .633 | .025 | .548 | −.023 | .632 | −.007 | .915 | .150 | .082 |
| Social concerns | 96 ± 18 | 111 ± 17 | <.001* | .023 | .144 | −.002 | .897 | .038 | .322 | −.009 | .829 | .001 | .989 | .159 | .023 |
| SPP global self worth (SS) | 101 ± 16 | 106 ± 18 | .134 | .045 | .001* | .007 | .712 | .087 | .011 | .027 | .539 | .020 | .707 | −.089 | .285 |
| Scholastic competence | 94 ± 16 | 106 ± 16 | <.001* | .015 | .306 | −.026 | .118 | .023 | .514 | −.006 | .876 | .018 | .731 | −.010 | .890 |
| Social competence | 92 ± 19 | 103 ± 17 | .003 | .028 | .099 | .007 | .710 | .094 | .022 | −.037 | .384 | .110 | .070 | −.079 | .334 |
| Athletic competence | 91 ± 16 | 99 ± 18 | .031 | .021 | .123 | −.013 | .507 | .038 | .252 | −.002 | .971 | .057 | .242 | .030 | .723 |
| Physical appearance | 104 ± 15 | 103 ± 16 | .659 | .025 | .060 | −.011 | .511 | .046 | .145 | .028 | .495 | −.031 | .512 | −.041 | .582 |
| Behavioral conduct | 97 ± 19 | 108 ± 23 | .009 | .030 | .074 | .024 | .320 | .053 | .192 | −.011 | .852 | .117 | .054 | −.024 | .817 |
| TSCS (SS) | 99 ± 19 | 109 ± 17 | .003 | .039 | .022 | −.016 | .379 | .105 | .007 | −.018 | .645 | .082 | .160 | −.071 | .333 |
| Physical | 101 ± 18 | 106 ± 16 | .103 | .019 | .259 | −.008 | .638 | .049 | .195 | −.015 | .691 | .048 | .394 | −.101 | .146 |
| Moral | 98 ± 18 | 107 ± 15 | .004 | .036 | .028 | −.168 | .247 | .061 | .112 | −.137 | .662 | .056 | .319 | .182 | .759 |
| Personal | 99 ± 18 | 106 ± 14 | .028 | .034 | .040 | −.017 | .295 | .104 | .006 | −.005 | .880 | .060 | .296 | −.041 | .532 |
| Family | 99 ± 17 | 107 ± 14 | .007 | .046 | .003 | −.030 | .051 | .116 | <.001* | −.033 | .317 | .110 | .035 | −.057 | .351 |
| Social | 102 ± 19 | 109 ± 20 | .066 | .025 | .153 | −.016 | .468 | .091 | .020 | −.022 | .635 | .079 | .179 | −.080 | .351 |
| Academic | 94 ± 16 | 107 ± 13 | <.001* | .022 | .136 | −.021 | .139 | .063 | .068 | −.031 | .312 | .066 | .199 | −.006 | .917 |
| Piers Harris Total (SS) | 95 ± 15 | 108 ± 16 | <.001* | .018 | .174 | −.013 | .432 | .041 | .210 | −.044 | .252 | .031 | .527 | −.097 | .157 |
| Behavior | 97 ± 17 | 107 ± 13 | <.001* | .021 | .175 | .001 | .848 | .064 | .081 | −.019 | .543 | .048 | .381 | −.050 | .380 |
| Intellectual | 95 ± 13 | 105 ± 12 | <.001* | .008 | .517 | −.023 | .062 | .004 | .889 | −.044 | .120 | .022 | .602 | −.019 | .706 |
| Physical | 100 ± 12 | 106 ± 14 | .017 | .010 | .322 | −.011 | .477 | .000 | .993 | −.002 | .948 | .037 | .306 | −.089 | .153 |
| Anxiety | 96 ± 15 | 108 ± 14 | <.001* | .017 | .182 | .007 | .636 | .043 | .172 | −.019 | .555 | −.055 | .237 | −.121 | .032 |
| Popularity | 93 ± 13 | 102 ± 15 | <.001* | .021 | .083 | .015 | .329 | .039 | .177 | −.016 | .654 | .004 | .915 | −.069 | .292 |
| Happiness | 100 ± 14 | 105 ± 11 | .084 | .024 | .048 | −.000 | .986 | .047 | .110 | −.001 | .958 | .024 | .578 | −.059 | .240 |
Note: Psychosocial outcome data have been normalized to standard scores (SS) with a population mean of 100, SD of 15, and higher scores indicated better function. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) is presented as a raw score with higher numbers indicative of a higher risk of autism spectrum disorder. Summary statistics report means with SDs or median with 25th and 75th percentiles, and unadjusted p-values comparing cases to controls. Results of the multiple linear regression models adjusting for age and batch include the adjusted slope (estimate) and p-value (significance) are presented for each hormone. Bolded p-values indicate significance at the level of .05. Parent-proxy questionnaires include: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), Social Responsiveness Scale second edition (SRS) and SCQ. Child questionnaires include Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale Second Edition (RCMAS), Piers-Harris Children’s Self Concept Scale (Piers), Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPP).
*
p-value remains significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the conservative Bonferroni adjustment.