Characterization of VCAMelid targeting. (a) Specific binding of VCAMelid to VCAM-expressing cells. (b) Whole-body biodistribution of VCAMelid and untargeted control in naive, (c) LPS-injected animals, and (d) intrastriatal (IS) TNF-injected animals. Comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), *** (p < 0.001). All biodistributions were performed 20 min post-injection of 5 μg of nanobody.