Characterization of BiVCAMelid targeting. (a) Specific binding of BiVCAMelid to VCAM-expressing cells, (b) whole-body biodistribution of VCAMelid and BiVCAMelid in naive animals, and (c) whole-body biodistribution of BiVCAMelid and untargeted control in naive and injured animals. Comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), *** (p < 0.001). All biodistributions were performed 20 min post-injection of 10 μg of bivalent nanobody.