Table 2.

Principal studies which evaluated sex-related chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity

Study	Patients (F/M)	Time after therapy (year)	Sex-related differences
Anthracycline
Increased female risk
Silber et al. 1993 [55]	65/85	4.7	Female were at higher risk of cardiac dysfunction than males; the odds ratio for having an abnormal angiographic and electrocardiographic test result was higher for females than for males.
Lipshultz et al. 1995 [56]	40/47	2	Female sex and a higher cumulative dose of DOX were associated with depressed contractility, and there was an interaction between these two variables.
Increased male risk
Myrehaug et al. 2010 [57]	480/616	10	Male sex was a significant risk factor for cardiac hospitalization among Hodgkin lymphoma patients.
Meiners et al. 2018 [58]	615	15	For females and males treated with DOX plus mediastinal radiation therapy, the estimated 15-year incidence rate of cardiac hospitalization was higher in male.
Tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors
Increased female risk
Van der Veldt et al. 2008 [59]	27/55	1	Female sex was significantly related with severe toxicity after sunitinib treatment (p = 0.006).
Bowles et al. 2012 [60]	12,500	nd	Anthracycline and trastuzumab were associated with increased HF and cardiomyopathy risk compared with no chemotherapy in an exclusively female study population.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Increased male benefit
Conforti et al. 2018 [61]	3705/7646	n/d	Men benefit more from ICI treatment than women.
Chitturi et al. 2019 [62]	102/140	0.5	No differences according to sex in terms of incidence of complication and MACE occurrence.

DOX doxorubicin, HF heart failure, MACE major adverse cardiovascular events