Figure 3.

Empirical Type I Error Rates of SPACox, SPACox-NoSPA, Wald, Firth, and Score Tests

From left to right, the plots considered five event rates (ERs) of 0.2%, 1%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. Top and bottom plots are for empirical type I error rates at $\text{α}=5\times {10}^{-5}$ and $5\times {10}^{-8}$, respectively. Sample size $\text{n}$ = 100,000. For each pair of MAF and event rate, we simulated ${10}^9$ replications.