Table 1.
Participant characteristics of 2347 Finnish primiparous women, aged 20 years or more, and without previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, according to the occurrence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in two successive pregnancies
| No GDM in first pregnancy | GDM in first pregnancy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No GDM in second pregnancy (GDM−/−) N = 1820 |
GDM in second pregnancy (GDM−/+) N = 223 |
No GDM in second pregnancy (GDM+/−) N = 113 |
GDM in second pregnancy (GDM+/+) N = 191 |
p value between groups (multiple comparison)a | |
| Characteristics at first pregnancy | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 28.1 (4.3) | 28.7 (4.1) | 28.5 (4.3) | 29.3 (4.2) | 0.003 [1/4] |
| Cohabiting, n (%) | 1510 (83) | 197 (88) | 96 (85) | 159 (83) | 0.23 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 255 (14) | 41 (18) | 22 (19) | 32 (17) | 0.13 |
| Years of schooling, mean (SD) | 13.9 (2.5) | 13.5 (2.5) | 13.5 (2.4) | 13.7 (2.4) | 0.11 |
| Annual income (1000 EUR), mean (SD) | 26.9 (12.9) | 26.6 (11.7) | 26.8 (12.7) | 27.1 (13.1) | 0.96 |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 166 (6) | 165 (6) | 165 (6) | 165 (6) | 0.22 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 64 (12) | 70 (14) | 69 (14) | 76 (17) | < 0.001 [1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4] |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.2 (3.8) | 25.3 (4.6) | 25.3 (5.1) | 27.7 (5.6) | < 0.001 [1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4] |
| Prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), n (%) | 114 (6) | 35 (16) | 20 (18) | 62 (32) | < 0.001 [1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4] |
| Previous pregnanciesb, n (%) | 0.86 | ||||
| None | 1494 (82) | 180 (81) | 87 (77) | 155 (81) | |
| 1 | 237 (13) | 29 (13) | 19 (17) | 26 (14) | |
| ≥2 | 89 (5) | 14 (6) | 7 (6) | 10 (5) | |
| Any fertility treatment, n (%) | 127 (7) | 19 (9) | 16 (14) | 25 (13) | 0.002 [1/3, 1/4] |
| Hypertensive disorder of pregnancyc, n (%) | 88 (5) | 11 (5) | 9 (8) | 21 (11) | 0.003 [1/4] |
| Birth weight (z-score), mean (SD) | − 0,06 (0,97) | 0,23 (1,03) | − 0,06 (1,11) | 0,31 (1,07) | 0.001 [1/2 1/4, 2/3,4/3] |
| Characteristics between pregnancies | |||||
| Weight change between pregnancies (kg), mean (SD) | 1.4 (5.0) | 5.0 (6.4) | − 0.5 (5.6) | 2.2 (6.3) | < 0.001 [1/2, 1/3, 2/3, 2/4, 3/4] |
| Time between deliveries (years), mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.53 |
aHommel’s multiple comparison procedure was used to correct significance levels for post hoc testing (p < 0.05)
bMiscarriages, induced abortions, and ectopic pregnancies
cAntenatal hospitalization with ICD-10 codes O10, O13, or O14