TABLE 2.
Multivariable regression models for the associations between dietary indicators and GWG in the Archive for Research on Child Health cohort1
| Inadequate GWG | Excessive GWG | Minimally adjusted effect estimate for total weight gain in kg (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted effect estimate for total weight gain in kg (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimally adjusted model, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted model, OR (95% CI) | Minimally adjusted model, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted model, OR (95% CI) | |||
| Overall | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | −0.68 (−1.60, 0.25) | −0.50 (−1.43, 0.44) |
| Added sugar | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.23) | −0.01 (−0.18, 0.17) |
| % energy from fat | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.19 (−0.17, 0.55) | 0.03 (−0.33, 0.39) |
| Dairy | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.32 (−1.10, 1.70) | 0.35 (−1.09, 1.80) |
| Normal BMI | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 0.80 (0.59, 1.08) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.10) | 0.68 (0.46, 0.98) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.07) | −0.92 (−2.30, 0.45) | −0.66 (−2.04, 0.72) |
| Added sugar | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.05 (−0.16, 0.27) | −0.12 (−0.37, 0.14) |
| % energy from fat | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.07 (−0.43, 0.58) | −0.22 (−0.75, 0.30) |
| Dairy | 1.01 (0.72, 1.43) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 0.65 (0.39, 1.08) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.15) | −0.72 (−2.4, 1.0) | −0.52 (−2.22, 1.18) |
| Overweight | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 0.86 (0.37, 2.04) | 0.93 (0.38, 2.27) | 1.29 (0.92, 1.80) | 1.35 (0.93, 1.96) | 0.43 (−1.9, 2.8) | 0.76 (−1.7, 3.2) |
| Added sugar | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.13 (−0.24, 0.49) | 0.10 (−0.29, 0.48) |
| % energy from fat | 0.73 (0.52, 1.02) | 0.64 (0.41, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.85 (−0.07, 1.80) | 0.82 (−0.14, 1.78) |
| Dairy | 0.94 (0.47, 1.89) | 0.90 (0.42, 1.93) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.48) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.59) | −0.07 (−3.4, 3.2) | 0.50 (−3.1, 4.1) |
| Obese | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 0.75 (0.53, 1.08) | 0.71 (0.48, 1.03) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.97) | −0.94 (−2.40, 0.52) | −0.95 (−2.44, 0.55) |
| Added sugar | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.04 (−0.29, 0.36) | 0.03 (−0.31, 0.37) |
| % energy from fat | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.07 (−0.60, 0.74) | −0.01 (−0.71, 0.68) |
| Dairy | 0.95 (0.47, 1.95) | 1.17 (0.50, 2.72) | 1.15 (0.76, 1.75) | 1.31 (0.82, 2.09) | 1.91 (−0.86, 4.70) | 1.51 (−1.41, 4.43) |
1Multivariable model for logistic regression and linear regression models both adjusted for weeks of gestation at delivery, physical activity, prepregnancy BMI, maternal age, educational level, fetal sex, and marital status. P values for interaction by maternal prepregnancy BMI for inadequate GWG: by fruits/vegetables, Pint = 0.88; added sugar, Pint = 0.20; percentage energy from fat, Pint = 0.79; and dairy, Pint = 0.85. P values for interaction by maternal prepregnancy BMI for excessive GWG: by fruits/vegetables, Pint = 0.32; added sugar, Pint = 0.25; percentage energy from fat, Pint = 0.22; and dairy, Pint = 0.22. GWG, gestational weight gain.