Table 3.
Intervention characteristics, as reported by the authors (Blank boxes indicate that the information was not provided).
| Study | Type | Duration (weeks) | Frequency (times per week) | Intensity | Setting | Format of delivery/supervisor | Incentive to adherence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arkin (Kuiack et al., 2004) | Fitness workout, including stretching and balance exercises, 20 to 30 min of aerobics divided between a treadmill and a stationary bicycle, and 20 to 30 min of upper- and lower-body strength training on five weight resistance machines. Memory- and conversation-stimulation activities during the fitness workout. One session per week of brisk walking incorporated into a community volunteer service or recreational activity | 80 | 2 | Community | Individual/Student researchers | Transportation to and from location; participants’ adherence affected researcher’s grade | |
| Binder (“Exercise compliance.” Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing., 2012) | 50–60 min group activity fitness workout including warm-up and cool-down flexibility exercises integrated into the beginning and end of each session for 5 to 10 min each, straight-leg raises and knee extension exercises, resisted knee extension, ankle extension, and arm exercises using Thera bands | 8 | 3 | Below a maximum heart rate of 115 bpm | Nursing home | Group/Therapist | |
| Bossers (Kuiack et al., 2004) | Thirty-minute strength and walking sessions. Strength exercises included seated knee extension, plantar flexion through toe raises while holding both hands of the trainer, hip abduction by moving the straight leg sideways while standing behind and holding onto a chair, and hip extension by moving the straight leg backward while standing behind and holding onto a chair | 9 | 4 | Moderate to high (i.e. rate of perceived exertion (RPE) score 12–15 and 50–85% of maximum heart rate | Nursing home | Individual/Student researchers | |
| Bossers (Folstein et al., 1975) | Combined aerobic and strength training program. Walking session took part in the corridors of the nursing home or on paved outdoor walking paths near the nursing home. Strength sessions took part in the patients’ rooms and included: (1) seated knee extension, (2) plantar flexion through toe raises, while holding both hands of the trainer, (3) hip abduction by moving the straight leg sideways, while standing behind and holding on to a chair, and (4) hip extension by moving the straight leg backwards, while standing behind and holding on to a chair | 6 | 5 | Moderate to high (i.e. rate of perceived exertion (RPE) score 12–15 | Nursing home | Individual/Student researchers | |
| Brami (Robison and Rogers, 1994) | Virtual dance performance (Dance Central on Xbox One). Each session lasted 45 min and was divided into three parts: a warm-up (10 min), the performance of several choreographies (30 min), a return to calm (5 min) | 16 | 1.5 | Moderate (i.e. above 40% of reserve heart rate) | Nursing home | Individual | |
| Brill (Hawley-Hague et al., 2016) | 20 min sessions comprising warm-up exercises (Neck stretch, arm reach, should shrugs, shoulder circles, reach to toes), strength (Ball squeeze, chair stand, knee bends), Thera bands (chest press, bicep curls), cool-down (Reach to toes, arm reach, shoulder circles, should shrugs, neck stretch) | 11 | 3 | Nursing home | Group/Trainer | Participants were awarded a star which was placed by their name on the attendance Board; participants were given gifts |
|
| Burgener (Bullard et al., 2019) | One-hour Taiji exercises consisting of choreography, dynamic Qigong, standing and sitting meditation | 40 | 3 | Community | Group/Trainer | Transportation to and from location, follow-up phone calls | |
| Cancela (van der Wardt et al., 2017) | A minimum of 15 min cycling in a recumbent bicycle geared to a very low resistance | 60 | 7 | Low | Community | Individual/Therapist | |
| Choi (Peach et al., 2017) | One-hour sessions consisting of 10 min of warm-up and 10 min of cool-down activities (massage with a sensory ball, gentle stretching, and deep breathing exercises) and 40 min of ground kayak paddling exercise (i.e. sitting on chairs with and without a balance foam, which increases the challenge by providing an unstable surface) | 6 | 2 | Tailored to participant’s ability and measured through rating of Perceived Exertion | Group/Trainer | ||
| Chu (Apóstolo et al., 2018) | Individualised walking regime | 16 | 4 | Nursing home | Individual | ||
| Dannhauser[62] | 30 to 45-min sessions including walking from home, or if unable to walk, exercise through using an upright exercise bike | 12 | 3 | Moderate heart rate intensity (i.e. 65–77% of maximum heart rate, estimated to be<60% of VO2 max), determined for each participant from participant’s predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax = 220–age) | Private home | Individual/not supervised | Telephone calls |
| Edwards (Adolphs, 2009) | 30 min chair-based exercises (lateral neck stretch, head rotation, anterior-posterior neck stretch, shoulder shrug, shoulder stretch, wrist reach, ballerina stretch, overhead stretch with weights, arm curl, shoulder press, lateral shoulder press, toe taps, leg thrusts, hamstring stretch), and walking | 12 | 3 | Moderate | Nursing home | Group/Trainer | |
| Hageman (World Health Organization, 2010) | Progressive resistance lower extremity exercise using Thera Band Each session consisting of a brief warm-up, and 12 Thera-band exercises to target the hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, hip adductors, knee flexors, knee extensors, ankle dorsi-flexors and ankle plantar-flexors | 6 | 3 | Moderate | Community | Individual/Trainer | |
| Hauer (Fratiglioni et al., 2004) | Progressive resistance and functional training | 12 | 2 | Sub-maximal (i.e. 70–80% of one repetition maximum) | Group | ||
| Hauer (Fratiglioni et al., 2000) | Postural control, strength and functional home training. Postural balance tasks included standing in progressively challenging positions (side by side stance, semi-tandem stance, tandem stance). Strength exercises targeted basic ADL-related key motor functions, including functional strength (such as ankle lifts, chair rises, and stair rises) | 6 | 7 | Adjusted to individuals’ performance levels | Private home | Individual/Carer | Weekly phone contact |
| Hoffman (Lam et al., 2015) | Building up strength and aerobic exercise including 3 × 10 min on an ergometer bicycle, cross trainer, and treadmill with 2–5 min rest in between | 16 | 3 | Moderate to high (i.e. 70–80% of maximal heart rate − 220 - the person’s age) | Group/Therapist | ||
| Kemoun (Fratiglioni et al., 2004) | One-hour sessions consisting of 10 min of contact, articular mobilization and warm-up 40 min of active exercise and 10 min of return to calm and relaxation. The active exercise included either walking and the amelioration of walking parameters through motor route exercises (e.g. walking by striding over boards, going up a step, zigzagging), stamina exercises (i.e. ergo cycle with the arms and the legs) or leisurely physical activities (e.g. dance and stepping) that combined stamina, equilibrium and walking | 15 | 3 | Light to moderate (i.e. 60–70% of reserve cardiac frequency, measured through cardio frequency meter) | Nursing home | ||
| Kuiack (Lox et al., 2016) | One-hour sessions comprising 10 min of stretching and flexibility exercises, and then three sets of eight repetitions of five resistance exercises (leg extension/curl, shoulder press/lateral pull, hip abductor/adductor, chest/back and abdomen/back) | 12 | 2 | Community | Group/Trainer | ||
| Lam (Taylor et al., 2017) | One-hour session of either stretching & toning exercise, mind body exercise (e.g. Tai Chi) or aerobic exercise (e.g. static bicycle riding) | 48 | 3 | Community and private home | Group and individual | If a participant failed to turn up at the training center, the staffs would contact the participants and family members | |
| Lamb (Hageman and Thomas, 2002) | Sixty to ninety-minute session comprising aerobic exercise (static cycling with a five minute warm-up period followed by up to 25 min of cycling) and strength training (arm exercises using hand held dumb bells, including at least a biceps curl and, for more able individuals, shoulder forward raise, lateral raise, or press exercises, and leg strength training exercises using a sit-to-stand weighted vest or a waist belt | 48 | 2 | Moderate to high, tailored to participants, using a six minute walk test | Community | Group and individual/Therapist | Behavioural strategies and up to three telephone motivational interviews |
| Lowery (Teri et al., 1998) | Twenty to thirty minute sessions of walking in the home | 12 | 5 | Tailored and based on self-rating of perceived exertion | Private home | Individual/Therapist | Telephone contact |
| Pitkälä (Blankevoort et al., 2010) | One-hour home exercises addressing the patient’s individual needs and problems in daily functioning or mobility, including climbing stairs, balance training, transfer training, walking, dual tasking, and outdoor activities. Or one-hour group endurance (exercise bikes), balance (walk on a line, training with a bouncing ball, climbing a ladder, getting up from the floor), strength training (leg strength and hip abduction machines) and functioning exercises (throwing a ball as accurately as possible, or doing different functions with the left and right hands while counting numbers forward or backward at the same time) | 48 | 2 | Private home and community | Individual or Group/Therapist | Transport to and from venue, peer-support, refreshments | |
| Prick (Sobol et al., 2016) | One-hour session, including strength exercises (Dorsiflexion Knee extension Plantar flexion Hip flexors Knee flexion Hip abduction Hip extension), balance exercises (Transfer exercises from a seated to a standing position, Functional base-of-support Duo exercises), flexibility exercises (Chest stretch Neck stretch Shoulder stretch Ankle stretch Quadriceps stretch) and endurance exercise (walking) | 12 | <1 | Private home | Individual/Trainer | Support through psycho-education, communication skills training and pleasant activities training | |
| Rolland (Yágüez et al., 2011) | Walk, strength (squatting at different levels or repeated stand ups from a chair, lateral elevation of the legs in a standing position, and rising on the toes), balance (small step trial exercises using cones and hoops on the ground and one- or two-leg balance exercises on the ground or on foam-rubber ground sheets), and flexibility training | 48 | 2 | Nursing home | Group/Therapist | ||
| Santana-Sosa[71] | Seventy-five-minute sessions including 15-min warm-up and 15-min cool down period of walking without reaching breathlessness (on an inside walking trail) and “gentle” stretching exercises for all major muscle groups; joint mobility exercises focused on shoulder, wrist, hip, knee and ankle joints; resistance training engaging chest, biceps, triceps, shoulder, knee extensors, abductor and adductor muscles, and calf muscles; coordination exercises performed with foam balls of gradually decreasing size over the program, e.g., bouncing a ball with both hands, tossing and catching a ball, etc. | 12 | 3 | Nursing home | Individual/Researcher | ||
| Schwenk (Lautenschlager et al., 2008, Bossers et al., 2014) | Two-hour dual-task training and progressive resistance-balance and functional balance training (basic activity of daily living-related motor functions including sitting down and standing up from a chair, standing and walking | 12 | 2 | Sub-maximal (i.e. 70–80% of one repetition maximum) | Group/Trainer | ||
| Sobol (Nyman and Victor, 2011) | One-hour sessions, including a general warm up and cool down period, strength training of the lower extremity muscles and aerobic exercise on ergometer bicycle, cross trainer, and treadmill | 16 | 3 | Moderate to high (i.e. 70%–80% of maximal hazard ratio (HR: 220 minus the person’s age) | Community | Group/Therapist | |
| Steinberg (Murray et al., 2013) | Three components: (1) Aerobic fitness: brisk walking; (2) Strength training targeted at major muscle groups, using resistive bands and ankle weights; (3) Balance and flexibility training incorporating shifting center of gravity, tandem walks, forward and backward walks, and chair sit to stands | 12 | Private home | Individual/Carer | Participants accrued points for performing activities. The goal was to accrue a certain amount of points | ||
| Suzuki (Bossers et al., 2015) | Ninety-minute sessions including 10-min warm-up period, 20 min of muscle strength exercise, and 60 min of aerobic exercise, postural balance retraining (e.g. circuit training with stair stepping, endurance walking, and walking on balance boards) and dual-task (e.g. invent their own poem while walking) | 48 | 2 | Moderate (i.e. 60% of maximum heart rate) | Community | Group/Therapist | Transportation to and from venue |
| Tak (Brill et al., 1995) | Two types: (1). Aerobic walking consisting of warm-up, moderate-intensity walking exercise, and a cool down; (2). Non aerobic exercise consisting of introduction, light range-of-motion movements and stretching, and a closing | 48 | 2 | Low or moderate (i.e. < 3 or > 3 metabolic equivalents [METs]) | Group/Trainer | ||
| Tappen (Bossers et al., 2015) | Thirty minutes of self-paced assisted walking interspersed with rest as needed (with vs. without conversation with supporter) | 16 | 3 | Nursing home | Individual/ Student researchers | ||
| Taylor (Cancela et al., 2016) | Exercises were predominantly balance focused, but also included strength and/or combined strength-balance exercises, e.g. tandem stance, knee extensions +/− weights, sit-to-stand, step ups on a block, and sidestepping | 24 | Private home | Individual/Carer | |||
| Telenius (Choi and Lee, 2018) | Fifty-to-sixty minute sessions including 5 min warm-up, at least two strengthening exercises for the muscle of lower limb and two balance exercises | 12 | 2 | High (i.e. 12 repetitions maximum) | Nursing home | Group/ Therapist | |
| Teri (Gibson-Moore, 2019) | Strength training focused on lower-body strengthening including dorsiflexion (“toe lifts”), knee extension and flexion (“knee straightening” and “back knee bends”), plantarflexion (“toe raises”), hip flexors (“marches”), abduction (“side lifts”), and extension (“back leg lifts”). Balance exercises including transfer exercises (chair stand), base of-support exercises (forward lean), and advanced walking skills (backwards walk). Flexibility training focusing on the back, shoulders, hips, hamstrings, gastrocnemius/soleus/achilles, neck, and hand. Endurance including brisk walking | 12 | Private home | Individual/Carer | |||
| Thomas (Choi and Lee, 2018) | Resistance training sessions using Thera Band, comprising: a brief warmup, and 12 exercises to target the hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, hip adductors, knee flexors, knee extensors, ankle dorsi-flexors, and ankle plantar-flexors | 6 | 3 | Moderate | Community | Individual/Trainer | |
| Too ts(2014) | Functional exercises (exercises performed in functional, weight-bearing positions similar to those used in everyday situations, such as rising from a chair, stepping up, trunk rotation while standing, and walking) aimed to improve lower limb strength, balance, and mobility | 16 | 2.5 | High (i.e. 8- to 12-repetition maximum) | Nursing home | Group/Therapist | |
| Van Uffelen (Edwards et al., 2008) | Outdoors walking sessions including a warm-up, moderate-intensity walking exercises and cool-down | 48 | 2 | Moderate (i.e. > three metabolic equivalents) | Community | Group/Trainer | |
| Venturelli (Hauer et al., 2017) | 30-min aerobic walking | 24 | 4 | Moderate | Nursing home | Individual/Carer | Participants were given cookies at the end of each session |
| Volkers (Hauer et al., 2012) | 30-min walking sessions | 72 | 5 | Nursing homes and community | Individual/Trainer | ||
| Wesson (Kemoun et al., 2010) | One hour sessions including: (1). Strength training including sit to stand, calf raises and step ups onto a block. (2). Static balance tasks including a series of stance positions with diminishing base of support (i.e. standing with feet together, semi tandem, near tandem and tandem) with eyes open or closed. (3). Dynamic balance exercises including stepping over a strip of matting on the floor, foot taps onto a block, lateral side steps, sideways walking and step ups | 12 | 3 | Private home | Individual/Therapist | Phone calls | |
| Yágüez (Hawley, 2009) | Non-aerobic movement-based activity (Brain Gym training) including stretching different parts of the body, circular movements of the extremities and isometric tensions of muscles groups. The exercises require fine motor involvement, balance and eye-hand coordination and they are performed sitting or standing | 6 | 1 | Community | Group/Trainer |