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. 2020 Aug 6;10:13274. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70203-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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CCL2 released from human astrocyte has pivotal roles in monocyte migration. (A, B) Gene expression of chemokines in human astrocytes exposed to GK89. Values are normalized to β2-microgloblin or GAPDH. (C) The schematic view of migration assay utilizing supernatants of human astrocytes exposed to GK89 or control. (D) Supernatants of human astrocytes exposed to GK89 efficiently recruit CD14⁺ monocytes in comparison to CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD19⁺ cells. (E) The GK89-treated supernatant of human astrocytes significantly induces THP1 migration compared to the control group, and is efficiently inhibited by anti-CCL2 neutralizing antibody. Error bars indicate SEM. Three or more experiments are performed in each condition. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.