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. 2020 Aug 6;10:13229. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70186-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Antibacterial effects of Manuka honey. (A) Flow diagram of the experimental set-up for the co-culture of MRSA bacteria and Manuka honey preparations. First the bacteria and honey conditions are mixed and serial dilutions are made. One aliquot of these dilutions are plated to verify growth and purity of the bacterial culture and the other aliquot is seeded in a 96-well plate for overnight culture. The following day, these are plated and cultured overnight. (B) Representative photographs of a > 10% Manuka honey positive control on the left and a negative control, TSB only, on the right. As expected, there is no growth in the honey conditions but there is copious growth in the negative control. (C) A bacterial killing curve was graphed based on the 24-h colony counts of various concentrations of Manuka honey and MRSA. (D) Table of the colony counts for each condition in triplicate demonstrating bactericidal properties of Manuka honey at 10% but not at 1%. "+" represents bacterial growth and "−" represents no bacterial growth. Single “ + ” and “–” represents consistent results between replicates, while “ + ” and “–” separated by “/” indicates variable results between replicates.