Fig. 1.

Annual mean temperature (A) and the annual mean of daily maximum VPD (B) have significantly increased over the 1981-to-2019 study period at the Oatman site (gray triangles) and Death Valley sites (blue circles; P < 0.001). Total annual precipitation (C) has significantly decreased over the same period at the Death Valley (P = 0.049) site, but the decrease was not statistically significant at the Oatman site (P = 0.128). Climate variables were aggregated from April to March in each year to align with the relevant survey period. See SI Appendix, Table S1 for full regression results.