Fig. 1.

Pictorial representations of honey bee colonies. Soldiers (square), foragers (circle), and the queen (star) are connected through a social network. Colonies differ in their individual and group-level phenotypes. Some colonies are more aggressive (see color key for colony aggression); others have more successful foragers (see yellow pollen on foragers). Colonies are exposed to internal (white arrows) and external (black arrows) environments. Internal and external environmental factors differ between colonies, shown by the number and size of the white and black arrows. Examples of external environmental conditions are 1) the distance and quality of pollen and nectar and 2) the size and intensity of the black arrows representing colony intruders. Additional examples of external and internal conditions are discussed in the text. Image credit: Sydney Gram (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada).