Table 1.

Similarities between COVID-19 and pulmonary hypertension

	COVID-19	PH
Symptom
Dyspnea	+++	+++
Fatigue	+++	+
Inflammation
Endotheliitis	+++	+*
Vasculitis	+++	+*
Myocarditis	+	−
Proinflammatory cytokines	↑↑↑	↑↑†
Thrombosis, microthrombi
D-dimers	↑↑↑	↑
Prothrombin	↑	↑
DNA damage
PARP	↑	↑↑
RAA activation	+	+++
ACE 2	↓↓	↓
Angiotensin 2	↑↑↑	↑↑
Cardiac injury
Ejection fraction	↓*	↓‡
Troponin	↑↑	↑
Natriuretic peptide	↑	↑↑↑
RV dilatation	↑	↑↑↑
Pulmonary vascular thickness	↑	↑↑↑
Mitochondrial dysfunction	↑	↑↑
ROS	↑	↑↑
Endothelial dysfunction	↑	↑↑
HPV	↑	↑↑↑§

HPV, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; PARP, poly-ADP ribose polymerase; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RAA, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RV, right ventricle.

^*Occasionally;

^†group 1 pulmonary hypertension;

^‡group 2 pulmonary hypertension;

^§group 3 pulmonary hypertension.

↑ increased, ↑↑ generally increased, ↑↑↑ frequently increased, ↓ decreased, + observed, ++ generally observed, +++, frequently observed.