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. 2020 Aug 8;7(4):101–114. doi: 10.1007/s40588-020-00150-8

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© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1 — The TRIM effect: the forked road of host fitness or susceptibility. The TRIM family of proteins influence how hosts respond to foreign organisms leading to beneficial (host survival) or detrimental (host pathology) outcomes. This duality is linked to whether a particular TRIM retains desirable functions (antiviral or pro-viral participation) and if the negative consequences accompanying TRIM involvement outweigh their positive contributions (failure to tolerate subsequent inflammatory responses)