Table 1.

Examples of molecular approaches for coronavirus diagnosis, commercially and laboratory developed

Assay	HCoVs Detected	Target		Testing Methodology	Primer Type	Comments
Luminex Respiratory Pathogen Panel NxTAG	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E	N gene	Multiplex RT-PCR and bead array hybridization	Specific	FDA cleared
		HCoV-HKU1 —	Orf1ab
BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2 plus BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2.1	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1 MERS-CoV HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1 SARS-CoV-2	Not disclosed		Multiplex RT-PCR with melt curve analysis	Specific	FDA cleared FDA-EUA
GenMark ePlex Respiratory Panel	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1	N gene		Digital microfluidics with electrochemical detection	Specific	FDA cleared
Qiagen RespiFinder RG QIAGEN Gmbh/Qiastat-Dx Respiratory SARS-Cov-2 Panel	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1 HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1 SARS-CoV-2	N gene		Multiplex RT-PCR with melt curve analysis	Specific	FDA cleared FDA-EUA
CDC50	MERS-CoV	UpE and ORF1a		RT-PCR	Specific	UpE: F (5′-GCAACGCGCGATTCAGTT-3′) R (5′-GCCTCTACACGGGACCCATA-3′) P (5′6- FAM/CTCTTCACATAATCGCCCCGAGCTCG/3′6-TAMSp) ORF: F (5′- CCACTACTCCCATTTCGTCAG-3′) R (5′- CAGTATGTGTAGTGCGCATATAAGCA-3′) P (5′6- FAM/TTGCAAATTGGCTTGCCCCCACT/3′6-TAMSp)
CDC51	SARS-CoV	RNA polymerase, N gene		RT-PCR	Specific	SARS1: F (5′-CATGTGTGGCGGCTCACTATAT-3′) R (5′-GACACTATTAGCATAAGCAGTTGTAGCA-3′) P (5′-TTAAACCAGGTGGAACATCATCCGGTG-3′) SARS2: F (5′-GGAGCCTTGAATACACCCAAAG-3′) R (5′-GCACGGTGGCAGCATTG-3′) P (5′-CCACATTGGCACCCGCAATCC-3′) SARS3: F (5′-CAAACATTGGCCGCAAATT-3′) R (5′-CAATGCGTGACATTCCAAAGA-3′) P (5′-CACAATTTGCTCCAAGTGCCTCTGCA-3′)
CDC	SARS-CoV-2	N gene		RT-PCR	Specific	N1: F (5′-GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT-3′) R (5′-TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG-3′) P (5′-FAM-ACCCCGCATTACGTTTGGTGGACC-BHQ1-3′) N2: F (5′-TTACAAACATTGGCCGCAAA-3′) R (5′-GCGCGACATTCCGAAGAA-3′) P (5′-FAM-ACAATTTGCCCCCAGCGCTTCAG-BHQ1-3′)
Zhang, et al,52 2018	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E	N gene	Multiplex RT-PCR	Specific	NL63: F (5′-GTTCTTCTGGTACTTCCACTCCT-3′) R (5′-TTCCAACGAGGTTTCTTCAA-3′) P (5′-FAM-AGCCTCTTTCTCAACCCAGGGCTG-BHQ1-3′) OC43: F (5′-CCCAAGTAGCGATGAGGCTA-3′) R (5′-AGGAGCAGACCTTCCTGAGC-3′) P (5′-FAM-ACTAGGTTTCCGCCTGGCACGGTA-BHQ1-3′) 229E: F (5′-CAGAAAACGAAAGATTGCTTCA-3′) R (5′-CAAGCAAAGGGCTATAAAGAGA-3′) P (5′-VIC-ATGGCTACAGTCAAATGGGCTGATGC-BHQ1-3′) HKU1: F (5′-TGAATTTTGTTGTTCACATGGT-3′) R (5′-ATAATAGCAACCGCCACACAT-3′) P (5′-VIC-ATCGCCTTGCGAATGAATGTGCTC-BHQ1-3′)
		HCoV-HKU1 —	P gene
Gaunt et al,17 2010	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1	HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-NL63	M gene	One-step multiplex RT-PCR	Specific	NL63: F (5′-GTTCTGATAAGGCACCATATAGG-3′) R (5′-TTTAGGAGGCAAATCAACACG-3′) OC43: F (5′-CATACYCTGACGGTCACAATAATA-3′) R (5′-ACCTTAGCAACAGTCATATAAGC-3′) 229E: F (5′-CATACTATCAACCCATTCAACAAG-3′) R (5′-CACGGCAACTGTCATGTATT-3′) HKU1: F (5′-TCCTACTAYTCAAGAAGCTATCC-3′) R (5′-AATGAACGATTATTGGGTCCAC-3′)
		HCoV-HKU1	N gene
Vijgen et al,30 2008	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1 SARS-CoV	RdRp		One-step RT-PCR	Pan	F: (5′-ACWCARHTVAAYYTNAARTAYGC-3′) R: (5′-TCRCAYTTDGGRTARTCCCA-3′)
Canducci et al,53 2008	HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1 SARS-CoV	RdRp		RT-PCR	Pan	F1: (5′-TTATGGGTTGGGATTATCCYAARTGTGAT-3′) R1: (5′-GTACTAGCRTCACCAGAAGTYGTACCACC-3′) F2: (5′-ATGGGATGGGACTATCCTAAGTGTGATAGAG-3′) R2: (5′-TTGCATCACCACTRCTAGTRCCACCAGGC-3′)

Abbreviations: CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; EUA, Emergency Use Authorization; F, forward; M, membrane; N, nucleocapsid; P gene, polyprotein; P, probe; R, reverse; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; UpE, upstream E.