. 2020 Aug 8;20:97. doi: 10.1186/s12862-020-01628-1

Table 4.

Known past and present terrestrial vertebrate clades on Madagascar, with time of arrival

Cretaceous clades	Holocene clades
Ceratophryinae Bothremydidae Podocnemidae^b Mahajangasuchidae Notosuchia (twice) Trematochampsidae ?Cordylidae Dromaeosauridae Madtsoiidae (twice) Nigerophiidae Abelisauridae Noasauridae Nemegtosauridae Ornithurae Marsupialia Multituberculata Sudamericidae N = 19	Arrived pre E-O boundary	Arrived post E-O boundary
Microhylidae (twice) Mantellidae Ranoidea^a Podocnemidae^b Chamaeleonidae Gerrhosauridae Opluridae Gekkonidae^a Scincidae^a Boidae^a Lamprophiidae^a Typhlopidae Xenotyphlopidae Aepyornithidae Mesitornithidae Phaethonidae^a Psittacidae (twice) Lemuroidea^a Myzopodidae^a Nycteridae^a Plesiorycteropodidae^a Arrived during the Eocene or earlier: N = 23	Hyperoliidae Ptychadenidae Testudinae Crocodylidae (twice) Gekkonidae (twice) Scincidae (twice) Lamprophiidae (twice) Acrocephalidae Apodidae Bernieridae Campephagidae Dicruridae Motacillidae Nectarinidae (twice) Pycnonotidae Strigidae Sturnidae Vangidae Zosteropidae (twice) Emballonuridae^a (3 times) Eupleridae Hippopotamidae (twice) Hipposideridae^a (3 times) Molossidae (> 6 times) Nesomyinae Pteropodidae (twice) Vespertillionidae^a (4 times) Tenrecidae Arrived during the Oligocene or later: N = 48

Cretaceous clades

Holocene clades

Ceratophryinae

Bothremydidae

Podocnemidae^b

Mahajangasuchidae

Notosuchia (twice)

Trematochampsidae

?Cordylidae

Dromaeosauridae

Madtsoiidae (twice)

Nigerophiidae

Abelisauridae

Noasauridae

Nemegtosauridae

Ornithurae

Marsupialia

Multituberculata

Sudamericidae

N = 19

Arrived pre E-O boundary

Arrived post E-O boundary

Microhylidae (twice)

Mantellidae

Ranoidea^a

Podocnemidae^b

Chamaeleonidae

Gerrhosauridae

Opluridae

Gekkonidae^a

Scincidae^a

Boidae^a

Lamprophiidae^a

Typhlopidae

Xenotyphlopidae

Aepyornithidae

Mesitornithidae

Phaethonidae^a

Psittacidae (twice)

Lemuroidea^a

Myzopodidae^a

Nycteridae^a

Plesiorycteropodidae^a

Arrived during the Eocene or earlier: N = 23

Hyperoliidae

Ptychadenidae

Testudinae

Crocodylidae (twice)

Gekkonidae (twice)

Scincidae (twice)

Lamprophiidae (twice)

Acrocephalidae

Apodidae

Bernieridae

Campephagidae

Dicruridae

Motacillidae

Nectarinidae (twice)

Pycnonotidae

Strigidae

Sturnidae

Vangidae

Zosteropidae (twice)

Emballonuridae^a (3 times)

Eupleridae

Hippopotamidae (twice)

Hipposideridae^a (3 times)

Molossidae (> 6 times)

Nesomyinae

Pteropodidae (twice)

Vespertillionidae^a (4 times)

Tenrecidae

Arrived during the Oligocene or later: N = 48

^aKnown (or close relative known) from Paleocene or Eocene deposits in Africa (see qualifier regarding Ranoidea, Table 1)

^bCretaceous and Holocene