Table 1.

The characteristics of included participants

Groups	Cases	Male/female	Age(y)	Time course of DM(y)	BMI (kg/m2)	Hypertension (%)
Control	80	45/35	57.9 ± 3.95	–	22.5 ± 3.04	22 (27.5%)
NDR	75	41/34	57.4 ± 2.57	2.3 ± 0.82	22.2 ± 2.99	26 (34.67%)
NPDR	72	38/34	56.9 ± 3.88	4.3 ± 1.05	22.5 ± 3.13	26 (36.1%)
PDR	68	37/29	57.4 ± 3.36	7.2 ± 2.44	22.4 ± 3.07	24 (35.29%)
χ2/F		0.883	10.095	1.371	0.538	1.366
p		0.114	0.098	0.021	0.185	0.052