Table 1.
Mass, size, carbon composition and surface area of particles
| Particles | DEP | HVO | RME | Ref. Carbon black Printex90 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel | MK1 low sulfur diesel | Hydrotreated vegetable oil | Rapeseed methyl ester | – | ||
| Intake O2 (%) | 9.7 | 13 | 17 | 13 | 13 | – |
| Average emitted exhaust PM1 mass concentration (mg/m3)a | 23 | 96 | 3 | 34 | 34 | – |
| Particle mobility diameter (GMD) (nm)b | 55 ± 9 | 104 ± 7 | 62 ± 4 | 90 ± 5 | 70 ± 3 | – |
| Primary particle diameter (GMDp) (nm) c | 22 [21,23] | 17 [16,19] | 16 [15,17] | 21 [19, 23] | 15 [14, 16] | 15 [14, 15] |
| Estimated specific surface area (SSA) (m2/g)c | 152 [143, 161] | 191 [177, 206] | 207 [191, 224] | 160 [146, 174] | 222 [203, 243] | 230 [217, 243] |
| Elemental to total carbon (EC/TC) | 0.35 | 0.88 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.68 | |
| Organic to total carbon (OC/TC) | 0.65 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.32 | |
aThe average exhaust PM mass concentration (mg/m3), before dilution and particle mobility diameter (nm) with ±1 std. dev. in the time series. The GMD of the soot primary particle size was estimated from the TEM images and the specific surface area (SSA) was estimated from the primary particle size distributions. For the primary particle diameter and SSA, intervals in brackets represent the 95% confidence interval of the distribution parameters in the lognormal fitting procedure. The elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) to total carbon (TC) fractions are measured in the extracted PM
bMobility particle (agglomerate) size based on the number concentration. Measured with the DMS in the dilution tunnel when the particles were airborne. cGeometric mean diameter. Measured on collected samples without the extraction process