Table 5.

Qualitative relative comparison of data on particles from combustion of three fuel types

Physical-chemical properties	DEP			HVO	RME
	MK1 low sulfur diesel			Hydrotreated vegetable oil	Rapeseed methyl ester
Intake O2%	9.7	13	17	13	13
Oxygen content in fuel	0	0	0	0	10%
PAHs	+++	+	−/+	++	−/+
OC	+++	+	++	++	++
EC	+	+++	+	++	++
ROS	+	++	+++	+++	++
Metals	++	+	+++	++	++
Surface Area	++	++	++	++	+++
In vivo response
Histopathology (lung)	−/+	++	−/+	++	−/+
Material presence	+	++	+	++	+
Large agglomerates	–	–	–	–	+
Inflammation as neutrophils and lymphocytes in BAL fluid	+	++	+	+	−/+
Eosinophil response	–	+	–	+	–
Inflammation as acute phase response	++	+++	++	+++	–
DNA damage	–	+	++	++	+

PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, OC Organic compounds, BC Black carbon, ROS Reactive oxygen species, BAL Bronco-alveolar lavage. Relative categories: “-”: not present, “-/+” = very low content/response, “+” = low content/response, “++” = medium content/response, “+++” = high content/response.