Table 1.

Physical Therapy Intervention By Participant

Participant	Pain location	TENS location	Therapeutic exercise/HEP	Manual therapy	Pain coping strategies
1	Thoracic spine, low back	Mid back and low back	Upper back and bilateral upper trapezius stretch; calf stretches; lower trunk rotation	Soft tissue mobilization to bilateral quadratus lumborum	Patient education on performing HEP and using TENS unit before taking morning opioid dose.
2	Low back, bilateral shoulders, cervical spine	Shoulders and low back	Upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and standing stretches; lower trunk rotations; walking program	Soft tissue mobilization to upper trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids, piriformis, quadratus lumborum, paraspinals	Patient education on performing HEP and using TENS before taking opioids. Also educated on using walking as pain distraction.
3	Low back, L knee, B calves	Patient used patch on lower extremity instead of back due to postsurgical hardware precautions	hamstring stretches; lower trunk rotation; walking 15 to 20 min 3–4 × /week, calf stretches	hamstring, calf and quadriceps stretches; soft tissue mobilization to gastrocnemius, fibularis longus	Patient education on not switching fentanyl patch automatically at 3 days and delaying putting new patch on after removing old one.
4	Bilateral knees, low back pain	Low back	Hamstring curls, LAQ, tree huggers, hamstring stretch, prone press-ups, proper bed mobility technique, and squat biomechanics	Soft tissue mobilizations to bilateral QL and erector spinae	Patient education on first using TENS unit and performing HEP before taking opioids.

HEP, Home Exercise Program; TENS, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation.