Table 2.
Characteristics of matched groups with exposure to different antihypertensive classes
| Non-RAAS inhibitors | ARB | ACEi | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matching parameters | ||||
| n | 52 | 52 | 52 | |
| Age (years) | 65±12 | 63±11 | 63±13 | 0.64A |
| Gender (Female:Male) | 22F:30M | 26F:26M | 25F:27M | 0.78f |
| Sick days before hospitalization | 3 (2-5) | 5 (2-7) | 3 (2-5) | 0.51k |
| Diabetes mellitus history (n) | 20 (38%) | 22 (42%) | 22 (42%) | 0.94f |
| COPD/asthma history (n) | 9 (17%) | 7 (13%) | 6 (12%) | 1f |
| Coronary Artery Disease history (n) | 14 (27%) | 11 (21%) | 16 (31%) | 0.57f |
| Congestive heart failure (n) | 6 (12%) | 3 (6%) | 5 (10%) | 0.69f |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (10%) | 6 (12%) | 4 (8%) | 0.75f |
| Smoking status (n) | 1 (2%) | 3 (6%) | 3 (6%) | 0.70f |
| # of anti-HT medications (n) | ||||
| 1 | 3112 | 101 | 92 | |
| 2 | 18 | 25 | 27 | 0.007f |
| 3 | 3 | 17 | 16 | |
| Furosemide use | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (4%) | 0.70f |
| Doxazosin use | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0.77f |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 1k |
| Antihypertensive medication | ||||
| Calcium channel blockers (n) | 30 (58%)2 | 21 (40%) | 16 (31%)2 | 0.020f |
| Beta blockers (n) | 32 (62%)1,2 | 10 (19%)1 | 19 (37%)2 | <0.001f |
| Thiazide diuretics (n) | 3 (6%)1,2 | 26 (50%)1 | 19 (37%)2 | <0.001f |
| ARB or ACEi type (Nonsevere:Severe) | - | Valsartan 13:7 | Ramipril 21:7 Kandesartan 6:5 Olmesartan 6:1 Others 11:3 | Perindopril 13:1 Others 7:3 |
| Characteristics | ||||
| *BMI (Kg/m2) [n missing] | 27.0 (25.7-30.5) [14] | 29.5 (26.3-32) [14] | 29.3 (26.8-32.5) [7] | 0.13k |
| RT-PCR positivity (n) | 30 (58%) | 30 (58%) | 31 (60%) | 1f |
| Infiltrations on CT scan (n) | ||||
| 1. Normal | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 2. Very mild | 5 | 10 | 11 | |
| 3. Mild | 27 | 18 | 28 | 0.052k |
| 4. Moderate | 9 | 14 | 8 | |
| 5. Diffuse | 10 | 10 | 4 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 138 (120-150) | 140 (120-146) | 140 (130-145) | 0.81k |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80 (70-85) | 78 (70-90) | 78 (70-86) | 0.98k |
| Pulse rate (per minute) | 92 (88-102)2 | 98 (88-103)3 | 88 (84-95)2,3 | 0.007k |
| Respiratory rate (per minute) | 20 (16-24) | 20 (17-24) | 18 (16-20) | 0.14k |
| SpO2 on room air (%) | 95 (92-97) | 95 (90-97) | 96 (94-98) | 0.074k |
| **Labored breathing (n) | 21 (40%) | 23 (44%) | 13 (25%) | 0.097f |
| White blood cells (cells/µl) | 6610 (4328-8485) | 6980 (5078-9815) | 7040 (5838-10495) | 0.12k |
| Neutrophils (cells/µl) | 4550 (3088-6370) | 5190 (3312-7758) | 5235 (3492-8180) | 0.28k |
| Lymphocytes (cells/µl) | 915 (625-1390) | 965 (650-1530) | 1205 (905-1602) | 0.054k |
| Monocytes (cells/µl) | 430 (310-625)2 | 460 (308-725) | 600 (460-762)2 | 0.017k |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 26 (19-36) | 25 (18-40) | 24 (17-39) | 0.92k |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 22 (15-30) | 20 (14-31) | 22 (15-38) | 0.70k |
| Pro-BNP (pg/mL) | 284 (101-1725) | 190 (65-710) | 188 (55-1309) | 0.46k |
| Troponin T (pg/mL) | 15 (5-25.2) | 9 (4-18) | 10.7 (6-31.2) | 0.26k |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 52 (17-157)2 | 64 (32-133)3 | 28 (12-66)2,3 | 0.009k |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.12 (0.05-0.38) | 0.11 (0.05-0.27) | 0.08 (0.05-0.17) | 0.37k |
| INR | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | 0.67k |
| aPTT (seconds) | 29 (27-33) | 29 (26-31) | 28 (26-30) | 0.089k |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 334 (170-1005)2 | 334 (144-751)3 | 188 (109-366)2,3 | 0.025k |
| D-dimer (µg/L) | 1040 (618-1658) | 985 (595-1882) | 665 (438-1238) | 0.069k |
| Specific treatments received | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine (n) | 52 (100%) | 52 (100%) | 52 (100%) | 1f |
| Azithromycin (n) | 52 (100%) | 52 (100%) | 52 (100%) | 1f |
| Favipiravir (n) | 22 (46%)2 | 22 (45%)3 | 9 (18%)2,3 | <0.001f |
| Tocilizumab (n) | 13 (25%) | 14 (27%) | 6 (12%) | 0.12f |
| Anakinra (n) | 8 (17%) | 3 (6%) | 3 (6%) | 0.15f |
| Meropenem (n) | 10 (21%) | 14 (29%)3 | 4 (8%)3 | 0.026f |
| Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n) | 5 (10%) | 3 (6%) | 2 (4%) | 0.43f |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Severe disease | 22 (42%) | 16 (31%) | 11 (21%) | 0.081f |
| Death (n) | 5 (10%) | 5 (10%) | 2 (4%) | 0.49f |
| Intensive care (n) | 11 (21%) | 9 (17%) | 3 (6%) | 0.069f |
| Hospitalization ≥14 days | 22 (42%)2 | 16 (31%) | 10 (19%)2 | 0.042f |
| Days hospitalized | 12 (7-19)2 | 10 (5-16) | 8 (5-12)2 | 0.033k |
: BMI was not available at baseline and was collected at a 1-month follow-up visit.
: Labored breathing was defined as the presence of intercostal retractions and/or the use of accessory muscles as seen on inspection.
: The difference between non-RAAS inhibitors and ARB is statistically significant.
: The difference between non-RAAS inhibitors and ACEi is statistically significant.
: The difference between ARB and ACEi is significant.
: One-way Analysis of Variance
: Fisher’s exact test
: Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test.
Categorical data is presented as frequency (percentages). Continuous data is presented as either mean ± SD or median (Interquartile range) depending on normality.
ACEi - angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; aPTT- activated partial thromboplastin time; ARB - angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers; BNP - brain natriuretic peptide;
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD- chronic kidney disease; CT - computed tomography; HT- hypertension; INR - international normalized ratio;