Table 4.

Age- and sex-stratified analyses for the risk of developing depression according to cataract status and cataract surgery history after propensity score matching.

	Univariable model		Multivariable modela
	HR (95% CI)	p value	aHR (95% CI)	p value
Age < 65 years
No cataract	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Cataract overall	1.92 (1.81–2.04)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.71–1.94)	< 0.001
Cataract without surgery	2.20 (2.05–2.36)	< 0.001	2.15 (2.01–2.31)	< 0.001
Cataract with surgery	1.80 (1.63–1.99)	< 0.001	1.79 (1.62–1.98)	< 0.001
Age ≥ 65 years
No cataract	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Cataract overall	1.60 (1.49–1.72)	< 0.001	1.55 (1.44–1.67)	< 0.001
Cataract without surgery	2.09 (1.91–2.29)	< 0.001	2.10 (1.92–2.30)	< 0.001
Cataract with surgery	1.51 (1.37–1.66)	< 0.001	1.50 (1.36–1.65)	< 0.001
Male
No cataract	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Cataract overall	1.81 (1.68–1.95)	< 0.001	1.69 (1.56–1.82)	< 0.001
Cataract without surgery	2.18 (1.99–2.39)	< 0.001	2.11 (1.93–2.31)	< 0.001
Cataract with surgery	1.64 (1.48–1.82)	< 0.001	1.61 (1.45–1.79)	< 0.001
Female
No cataract	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Cataract overall	1.78 (1.67–1.89)	< 0.001	1.74 (1.63–1.85)	< 0.001
Cataract without surgery	2.17 (2.02–2.33)	< 0.001	2.16 (2.01–2.32)	< 0.001
Cataract with surgery	1.67 (1.52–1.83)	< 0.001	1.67 (1.52–1.83)	< 0.001

The non-cataract cohort was used as the reference group when calculating HR.

CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, aHR adjusted hazard ratio, ref. reference.

^aMultivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustments for baseline characteristics shown in Table 1.