FIG 2.
Membrane damage in bacteria caused by microampere electric current. (A) CFU assay showing the number of live bacteria decreased after treating them with Vtr. (B) Representative fluorescence images of bacterial membrane stained by MitoTracker Green FM dye after treatment of low DC voltages at 0 V (untreated negative control) to 2.0 V (corresponding to 0 to 63 μA). (C) The same images from panel B but with a wider intensity scale. (D) Dependence of the mean fluorescence intensity (rescaled by the negative control) on the applied voltage. a.u., arbitrary units. Error bars in panels A and D represent the standard errors of the means.