(a) Schematic of a surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based nanoparticle separation chip. (b) Separation efficiency and (c) fluorescent image of nanoparticle separation in the SAW separation device, respectively. (d,e) Demonstration of horizontal nanoparticle patterning and LED lighting using a simple nanoparticle patterned circuit. Panels a–c are adapted with permission from Reference 131. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. Panels d and e are adapted with permission from Reference 20. Copyright 2017, IOP. Abbreviations: IDT, interdigitated transducer; PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane.