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. 2020 Aug 7;10:13414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69660-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of caffeine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) in wild type and global A_2AR KO mice on locomotion (A), ergospirometry (B–E), and thermoregulation (F–G) of female mice. (A) Caffeine displayed a psychostimulant effect in the open field in wild type mice, but not in A_2AR KO mice. Ergospirometry increased V̇O₂ (B), running power (B), and metabolic rate (E) until the animals reached fatigue. The dotted line represents the V̇O₂max of the wild type-saline group (B). Caffeine increased V̇O₂max (C) and running power (D) of wild type, but not A_2AR KO mice. Exercise test induced hyperthermia, which was not affected by caffeine in wild type mice, whereas caffeine caused a hypothermic response in A_2AR KO mice (F and G). Genotype was a significant factor for V̇O₂max (C), running power (D), resting (F), and recovery (F' and G') temperatures. Data are described as mean ± SEM. N = 8–9 animals/group for 12 independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. saline and # P < 0.05 vs. caffeine (Two-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc test). A_2AR—adenosine A_2A receptor. KO—knockout. Rec recovery. RER Respiratory Exchange Ratio. V̇O₂ oxygen consumption.