Table 2.
Univariate Cox regression analysis for MACCE and Mortality in stroke patients during 3-year follow-up
| Parameter | MACCEa | Mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | |
| Age (increase per unit) | 1.08 | 1.02–1.16 | 0.005 | 1.13 | 1.06–1.19 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 1.65 | 1.19–2.55 | 0.015 | 1.33 | 0.85–2.18 | 0.39 |
| BMI (≥ 30 vs. < 30 kg/m2) | 1.21 | 1.07–1.37 | 0.009 | 1.28 | 1.08–1.43 | 0.005 |
| Vascular risk factors (yes vs. no) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.63 | 1.05–3.01 | 0.29 | 1.75 | 0.93–3.15 | 0.21 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.25 | 1.07–1.46 | 0.012 | 1.09 | 0.85–2.41 | 0.59 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.81 | 1.28–2.74 | 0.007 | 3.01 | 0.95–5.33 | 0.17 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.48 | 0.90–2.77 | 0.42 | 2.11 | 1.02–3.43 | 0.07 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.85 | 0.73–1.54 | 0.27 | 0.93 | 0.82–1.42 | 0.19 |
| Current smoking | 1.43 | 0.89–2.29 | 0.39 | 1.76 | 0.73–3.88 | 0.53 |
| Previous CVD events | 1.25 | 1.09–1.49 | 0.009 | 1.32 | 1.02–1.74 | 0.011 |
| Family history for stroke | 0.89 | 0.69–1.59 | 0.59 | 0.93 | 0.73–2.05 | 0.52 |
| Infarct volume (increase per unit), n = 2810 | 1.25 | 1.12–1.39 | 0.007 | 1.31 | 1.10–1.44 | 0.006 |
| NIHSS (increase per unit) | 1.17 | 1.12–1.23 | < 0.001 | 1.19 | 1.14–1.27 | < 0.001 |
| Time to blood collection | 1.59 | 0.83–2.74 | 0.45 | 1.79 | 0.93–3.15 | 0.63 |
| Stroke syndrome | ||||||
| TACS | 3.75 | 1.85–6.65 | 0.001 | 4.72 | 2.03–7.59 | < 0.001 |
| PACS | 1.55 | 0.75–2.65 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.41–1.66 | 0.61 |
| LACS | 0.70 | 0.44–1.63 | 0.39 | 0.59 | 0.36–1.32 | 0.13 |
| POCS | 0.43 | 0.25–0.65 | 0.015 | 0.48 | 0.23–1.03 | 0.20 |
| TOAST subtype | ||||||
| Large-vessel disease | 0.95 | 0.55–1.98 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.32–1.32 | 0.26 |
| Small-artery disease | 0.76 | 0.47–1.75 | 0.38 | 0.69 | 0.39–1.54 | 0.33 |
| Cardioembolic | 1.19 | 1.02–1.62 | 0.032 | 1.55 | 1.08–2.03 | 0.016 |
| Multiple causes | 0.93 | 0.66–1.76 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.45–2.04 | 0.87 |
| Other known | 1.51 | 0.99–2.14 | 0.09 | 1.42 | 0.87–2.01 | 0.18 |
| Undetermined | 0.65 | 0.21–1.61 | 0.28 | 0.72 | 0.33–1.82 | 0.31 |
| Therapies before admission | ||||||
| Aspirin | 0.95 | 0.46–2.38 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.76–2.87 | 0.93 |
| Clopidogrel | 1.74 | 0.77–3.92 | 0.68 | 1.55 | 0.80–3.05 | 0.51 |
| Anticoagulation | 0.83 | 0.45–1.79 | 0.07 | 0.76 | 0.54–1.56 | 0.15 |
| Statins | 1.25 | 0.67–1.97 | 0.56 | 1.22 | 0.98–1.65 | 0.09 |
| Renin-angiotensin system blockers | 0.93 | 0.80–1.48 | 0.23 | 0.90 | 0.69–1.65 | 0.18 |
| Acute treatment (no vs. yes) | 3.78 | 2.04–5.54 | < 0.001 | 4.48 | 3.01–6.12 | < 0.001 |
| Blood biomarkers | ||||||
| Glucose (increase per unit) | 1.09 | 1.01–1.27 | 0.031 | 1.12 | 1.03–1.22 | 0.003 |
| Creatinine (increase per unit) | 1.02 | 0.90-1.48 | 0.27 | 1.05 | 0.85-1.53 | 0.31 |
| eGFR (increase per unit) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.12 | 0.011 | 1.09 | 1.03–1.24 | 0.028 |
| CRP (increase per unit) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 0.006 | 1.09 | 1.02–1.19 | 0.013 |
| Copepin (Q4 vs. Q1-3) | 3.74 | 2.55–5.39 | < 0.001 | 4.83 | 3.04–7.16 | < 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP (Q4 vs. Q1-3) | 3.15 | 2.12–4.55 | < 0.001 | 3.98 | 2.36–5.47 | < 0.001 |
| Adiponectin (increase per unit) | 1.20 | 1.18–1.23 | < 0.001 | 1.23 | 1.20–1.27 | < 0.001 |
HR Hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, CRP C-reactive protein, NT-proBNP N-terminal fragment of precursor of B-type natriuretic peptide, TACS total anterior circulation syndrome, GFR glomerular filtration rate, CVD cardiovascular disease, MACCE major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events
aMACCE was defined as CVD death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting