Table 2.
Physical activity and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in pooled Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS).
| MET-hours/week1, HR (95%CI) |
Ptrend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||
| Total physical activity | ||||
| Number of cases (N=138) | 51 | 42 | 45 | |
| Median, MET-hours/week | 4.3 | 14.5 | 36.1 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1 (ref) | 0.71 (0.47-1.07) | 0.72 (0.48-1.08) | 0.18 |
| Multivariable2 | 1(ref) | 0.76 (0.50-1.16) | 0.78 (0.51-1.18) | 0.33 |
| Multivariable+BMI+T2D3 | 1 (ref) | 0.85 (0.56-1.30) | 0.91 (0.59-1.41) | 0.79 |
| Moderate-intensity activity | ||||
| Number of cases (N=138) | 54 | 46 | 38 | |
| Median, MET-hours/week | 0 | 2.3 | 13.2 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1 (ref) | 0.71 (0.47-1.06) | 0.53 (0.35-0.81) | 0.01 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 (ref) | 0.77 (0.51-1.17) | 0.60 (0.38-0.94) | 0.04 |
| Multivariable+BMI+T2D3 | 1 (ref) | 0.87 (0.57-1.33) | 0.70 (0.44-1.12) | 0.13 |
| Vigorous-intensity activity | ||||
| Number of cases (N=138) | 56 | 42 | 40 | |
| Median, MET-hours/week | 0 | 4.3 | 17.5 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1 (ref) | 0.65 (0.43-0.98) | 0.70 (0.46-1.06) | 0.21 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 (ref) | 0.75 (0.50-1.15) | 0.88 (0.56-1.37) | 0.74 |
| Multivariable+BMI+T2D3 | 1 (ref) | 0.79 (0.52-1.21) | 0.98 (0.62-1.52) | 0.87 |
Abbreviations: MET, Metabolic Equivalent of Task; BMI, Body Mass Index; T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus; AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR, Hazard Ratio; 95%CI, 95% Confidence Interval. N, number of cases.
Average time per week spent in each of the activities multiplied by the MET value of each activity. The MET value is the energy need per kilogram of body weight per hour of activity divided by the energy need per kilogram of body weight per hour at rest.
Cox model stratified by age (in month), study period (two-year interval), cohort (NHS, HPFS), with additional adjustment for race (white, non-white), aspirin use (yes, no), smoking status (never, past, current), total calorie intake (kcal/day, tertiles), alcohol intake (g/day, tertiles), coffee consumption (never or 1, 2-3, 4+ cups/day), and AHEI-2010 (tertiles).
Multivariable model additionally adjustment for BMI (kg/m2, continuous) and T2D (yes, no).
Models for moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity include both types of activity simultaneously.
The moderate-intensity activity consists of brisk walking, weight training, lower-intensity exercise (e.g., yoga), and outdoor work (only for HPFS).
The vigorous-intensity activity consists of jogging, running, bicycling, swimming, tennis, squash/racquetball, outdoor work (only for NHS), and calisthenics and aerobic exercises (e.g., rowing, aerobics, and aerobic dance).