Table 4.

Child Temperament Traits and Risk of Adolescent Substance Use Initiation

Substance	Trait	Separate Effects Models	Simultaneous Effects Model
Alcohol	Sociability	1.06[1.01, 1.12], .013	1.07[1.02, 1.12], .009
	Reactivity	1.04[0.99, 1.09], .110	1.05[1.00, 1.10], .070
	Persistence	0.99[0.94, 1.04], .767	1.00[0.95, 1.06], .853
Cigarettes	Sociability	1.11[1.04, 1.19], .002	1.12[1.04, 1.20], .002
	Reactivity	1.13[1.05, 1.20], .001	1.12[1.04, 1.20], .001
	Persistence	0.88[0.83, 0.95], <.001	0.91[0.85, 0.97], .005
Marijuana	Sociability	1.11[1.03, 1.20], .005	1.12[1.04, 1.21], .003
	Reactivity	1.11[1.03, 1.19], .008	1.11[1.03, 1.20], .007
	Persistence	0.93[0.87, 1.01], .073	0.96[0.89, 1.03], .268
Other Drugs	Sociability	1.30[1.06, 1.59], .011	1.29[1.05, 1.59], .014
	Reactivity	0.97[0.80, 1.18], .748	0.98[0.81, 1.19], .868
	Persistence	0.92[0.75, 1.11], .375	0.93[0.77, 1.13], .462
Illicit Substances	Sociability	1.12[1.04, 1.21], .003	1.13[1.05, 1.22], .002
	Reactivity	1.11[1.03, 1.19], .008	1.11[1.03, 1.20], .006
	Persistence	0.94[0.87, 1.01], .083	0.96[0.89, 1.04], .302
Substances Besides Alcohol	Sociability	1.10[1.03, 1.17], .002	1.10[1.04, 1.18], .002
	Reactivity	1.11[1.05, 1.18], <.001	1.11[1.05, 1.18], .001
	Persistence	0.90[0.85, 0.96], .001	0.93[0.87, 0.98], .013
Any Substance	Sociability	1.06[1.01, 1.11], .013	1.07[1.02, 1.12], .008
	Reactivity	1.08[1.03, 1.13], .001	1.08[1.03, 1.13], .002
	Persistence	0.95[0.91, 1.00], .048	0.97[0.93, 1.02], .225

Note. Values represent standardized hazard ratios [95% confidence interval], p-value. Models control for demographic covariates. Bolded values are statistically significant α = .05. Illicit substances are marijuana or other drugs, not including cigarettes or alcohol.