Table 1.

Summary of current literature investigating rhythm in children with atypical speech–language development

		Age	Task	Evidence for atypical rhythm?
Dyslexia	Colling, Noble, and Goswami (2017)	9–10 years	Beat perception Tapping task	Yes
	Cutini, Szucs, Mead, Huss, and Goswami (2016)	12 years	Neural entrainment to amplitude‐modulated noise	Yes (2 Hz)
	Frey, François, Chobert, Besson, and Ziegler (2019)	10 years	Neural processing of speech sounds in silence, noise, and envelope conditions	Yes
	Goswami et al. (2002)	11 years	Beat detection in amplitude‐modulated sounds	Yes
	Goswami, Gerson, and Astruc (2010)	7–13 years	Amplitude envelope onset (rise time) discrimination	Yes
	Goswami, Huss, Mead, Fosker, and Verney (2013)	8–14 years	Beat perception	Yes
	Goswami et al. (2013)	9 years	Syllable stress discrimination	Yes
	Goswami et al. (2016)		Discrimination of amplitude rise time Temporal modulations of nursery rhymes	Yes   No but impaired acoustic learning during the experiment from low‐pass filtered targets
	Hämäläinen, Rupp, Soltész, Szücs, and Goswami (2012)	19–29 years	Amplitude‐modulated white noise	Yes at 2 Hz
	Huss, Verney, Fosker, Mead, and Goswami (2011)	8–13 years	Amplitude envelope rise time perception	Yes
	Lee, Sie, Chen, and Cheng (2015)	9–12 years	Rhythmic imitation	Yes
	Leong and Goswami (2014)	<40 years, mean: 22 years	Rhythmic detection to identify amplitude‐modulated nursery rhyme sentences	Yes
	Leong, Hämäläinen, Soltész, and Goswami (2011)	17–41 years	Amplitude envelope onset (rise time) perception and syllable stress detection	Yes
	Lizarazu et al. (2015)	Children: 8–14 years; adults: 17–44 years	Auditory neural synchronization	Yes
	Molinaro, Lizarazu, Lallier, Bourguignon, and Carreiras (2016)	Children: 8–14 years; adults: 22–37 years	Neural synchronization to spoken sentences (MEG)	Yes
	Muneaux, Ziegler, Truc, Thomson, and Goswami (2004)	11 years	Beat perception (slope)	Yes
	Overy (2000)	6–7 years	Rhythm discrimination Tempo discrimination Meter reproduction	Yes, especially in meter reproduction
	Overy, Nicolson, Fawcett, and Clarke (2003)	7–11 years	Tests of timing skills (rhythm copying, rhythm discrimination, song rhythm, tempo copying, tempo discrimination, song beat)	Yes
	Pasquini, Corriveau, and Goswami (2007)	19–27 years	Rise time perception and temporal order judgment	Yes
	Persici et al. (2019)	9–11 years	Tapping	Yes
	Power, Colling, Mead, Barnes, and Goswami (2016)	12–14 years	Neural entrainment to speech syllables	Yes
	Soltész, Szűcs, Leong, White, and Goswami (2013)	Mean: 25.8 years	Neural entrainment to tones presented at 2 or 1.5 Hz	Yes
	Surányi et al. (2009)	8–9 years	Amplitude envelope rise time discrimination	Yes
	Thomson, Fryer, Maltby, and Goswami (2006)	18–31 years	Basic auditory processing tasks (rise time, duration, and intensity discrimination) Tempo discrimination Tapping (unimanual and bimanual)	Yes     No Yes but only in the inter‐tap‐interval variability
	Thomson and Goswami (2008)	10 years	Rhythmic discrimination Paced and unpaced finger tapping	No Yes
	Wang, Huss, Hämäläinen, and Goswami (2012)	9–10 years	Basic auditory processing tasks (rise time, duration, and intensity discrimination)	Yes
	Zuk et al. (2017)	18–36 years	Speech syllable discrimination	Yes
DLD	Bedoin et al. (2016)	9–11 years	Rhythm discrimination	Yes
	Corriveau and Goswami (2009)	7–11 years	Paced and unpaced tapping	Yes in the paced condition
	Corriveau, Pasquini, and Goswami (2007)	7–11 years	Amplitude envelope rise time and sound duration perception	Yes
	Cumming, Wilson, Leong, Colling, and Goswami (2015)	6–12 years	Beat detection Tapping Speech/music task	Yes, especially in tapping
	Goswami et al. (2016)	9 years	Discrimination of amplitude rise time Temporal modulations of nursery rhymes	Yes
	Richards and Goswami (2015)	8–12 years	Stress perception task	Yes
	Richards and Goswami (2019)	6–11 years	Stress pattern disruptions	Yes
	Sabisch, Hahne, Glass, von Suchodoletz, and Friederici (2009)	8–10 years	Syntactic processing with prosody disruptions	Yes
	Sallat and Jentschke (2015)	4–5 years	Rhythmic–melodic perception task	Yes
	Vuolo, Goffman, and Zelaznik (2017)	4–5 years	Tapping and bimanual clapping	Yes, but only in the bimanual clapping task
	Weinert (1992)	5–8 years	Rhythmic discrimination	Yes
	Wells and Peppé (2003)	8 years	Prosody perception	Yes
	Zelaznik and Goffman (2010)	6–8 years	Tapping and drawing to a metronome	Yes (but no in the timing skill in the manual domain)
Stuttering	Chang, Chow, Wieland, and McAuley (2016)	6–11 years	Auditory rhythm discrimination task	Yes
	Falk, Müller, and Dalla Bella (2015)	8–16 years	Finger tapping	Yes
	Olander, Smith, and Zelaznik (2010)	4–6 years	Metronome clapping	Yes
	Toyomura, Fujii, and Kuriki (2011)	18–55 years	Metronome‐timed speech	No (yes in the normal speech condition)
	Wieland, McAuley, Dilley, and Chang (2015)	6–11 years	Simple and complex rhythms discrimination	Yes
DCD	Puyjarinet, Bégel, Lopez, Dellacherie, and Dalla Bella (2017)	Children: 6–12 years; adults: 19–50 years	Duration and beat perception Tapping	Yes
	Rosenblum and Regev (2013)	7–12 years	Metronome synchronization	Yes
	Trainor, Chang, Cairney, and Li (2018)	6–7 years	Auditory duration and rhythm discrimination Oddball ERP paradigm	Yes
ADHD	Carrer (2015)	6–14 years	Rhythmic discrimination	Yes
	Hove, Gravel, Spencer, and Valera (2017)	20 years	Paced and unpaced finger tapping	Yes (in the standard task, not in the one with time shifts)
	Puyjarinet et al. (2017)	Children: 6–12 years; adults: 19–50 years	Duration and beat perception Tapping	Yes
	Valera et al. (2010)	10 years	Paced and unpaced tapping	Yes—greater within‐subject variability
	Zelaznik et al. (2012)	9 years	Spacebar press following a metronome	Yes

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; DCD, developmental coordination disorder; DLD, developmental language disorder.