Table 1.
Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
| Study Title | Duration (weeks) | Subjects | Intervention | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | ||||
| Ash (2003) | 12 | n=51, M only Mean age 54yo Overweight DM2 | ADF | Mean weight loss of 6.4±4.6kg Reduction in waist circumference 8.1±4.6cm Loss of body fat 1.9±1.5% |
| Harvie (2011) | 24 | n=107, F only Mean age 40yo overweight and obese premenopausal | 2 day a week fast (75% caloric restriction) | Lost 6.4 kg (CI 4.8 to 7.8) |
| Heilbronn (2005) | 3 | n=16, M % F Male mean age 34yo; Female Mean age 30yo nonobese | ADF | Decrease in body fat 2.5+0.5% of initial body weight 4+1% of their fat mass (pcO.OOl) |
| Hoddy (2014) | 8 | n=74, M and F Mean age 45yo obese | ADF for either lunch, dinner or small meals | ADF-lunch 3.5±0.4 kg ADF-dinner for 4.1 ± 0.5 kg ADF-small meals 4.0 ± 0.5 kg |
| Wilkinson (2019) | 12 | n=19, M and F Mean age 59yo Metabolic Syndrome | 10-hour fast | Weight reduction 3.3±3.2kg BMI reduction l.l±0.97kg/m2 Waist Circumference 4.5±6.7cm |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Eshghina (2013) | 6 | n=15, F only Mean age 34 Overweight and obese | 3 days of a week fast (75% caloric restriction) | SBP ↓ 115+9mmHg to 105+10mmHg DBP ↓ 83+11mmHg to 75+11mmHg) |
| Nematy (2012) | 4 | n=82, M and F Mean age 54yo ≥1 Cardiovascular Risk Factor | Ramadan | SBP ↓ 133±6mmHg to 130±7mmHg NS DBP |
| Sutton (2018) | 5 | n=8, M only Mean age 56yo Prediabetic | 18-hour daily fasts | SBP ↓ 11 ± 4mmHg DBP ↓ 10 ± 4mmgHg |
| Wilkinson (2019) | 12 | n=19, M and F Mean age 59yo Metabolic Syndrome | 10-hour fast | SBP ↓ 5±10mmHg DBP ↓ 7±8 mmHg |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| Bhutani (2013) | 12 | n=83, M and F Mean age 42yo obese | ADF (75% caloric reduction) ADF combined with exercise |
LDL ↓ 12±5% NS TG HDL ↑ 18±9% |
| Nematy (2012) | 4 | n=82, M and F Mean age 54yo ≥1 Cardiovascular Risk Factor | Ramadan | LDL ↓ 13 (110±46 to 97±35) TG ↓ 41 (225±129 to 183±112) HDL ↑ 4 (43±9 to 48±8) |
| Varady (2011) | 12 | n=60, M and F Mean age 47yo overweight and obese | ADF (75% caloric reduction) | LDL ↓ 10± 4% TG ↓ 17± 5% HDL ↑ 16±5% |
| Diabetes Mellitus | ||||
| Bhutani (2013) | 12 | n=83, M and F Mean age 42yo obese | ADF (75% caloric reduction) ADF combined with exercise |
NS fasting glucose NS insulin |
| Catenacci (2016) | 8 | n=14, M and F Mean age 40yo obese | ADF (100% calorie reduction) | Fasting glucose ↓6.0+2mg/dL NS insulin |
| Klempel (2012) | 8 | n=54, F only Mean age 48yo Prediabetic, obese | Total Fast 24-hour then 6 days of 70% liquid intake Total Fast 24-hour then 6 day of 70% food intake |
Insulin ↓ 3.0±3.0uIU/ml Glucose ↓ 4.0±3.0mg/dL |
| Sutton (2018) | 5 | n=8, M only Mean age 56yo Prediabetic | 18-hour daily fasts | Fasting insulin ↓3.4±1.6mU/L Insulinogenic Index ↑14±7U/mg |
ADF=Alternative Day Fast, DM 2=Diabetes Mellitus type II, DBP=Diastolic Blood Pressure, HDL=High Density Lipoprotein, F=Female, LDL=Low Density Lipoprotein, M=Male, NS=Not Significant, SBP=Systolic Blood Pressure, TG=Triglyceride