. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2020 Feb 10;53(3):686–702. doi: 10.1002/jmri.27070

Table 2:

Overview of additional sequence options that can be combined with the main categories of imaging techniques described in Table 1.

Sequence Options	Pros	Cons
Parallel Imaging	Accelerate acquisitions using multichannel receive arrays.	¹³C coil sensitivities challenging to measure. g-factor SNR penalty.
Compressed Sensing	Accelerate acquisitions based on data sparsity.	Tuning of regularization parameters. Excessive denoising possible.
Tailored Flip Angles	Metabolite-specific flip angles to improve metabolic product SNR. Variable flip angles to increase overall SNR.	Increased sensitivity to perfusion variability and flip angle miscalibration.
Refocused Methods (Spin-echoes, SSFP)	Improve SNR with spin refocusing.	Refocusing pulses introduce B1+ sensitivity and saturation. Dynamic imaging is challenging.
Real-time Calibration	More reproducible results with timing, B0, and B1 calibration. B1+ maps improve SNR and accuracy of quantifications.	Utilizes HP magnetization (<5%) for calibration. Requires highly specialized pulse programs. Delays start of main acquisition.