Table 1.
PCA component loadings for the 46 items on teacher multilingualism.
| Items | Components |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| 1. Learning multiple languages significantly improves one's intercultural competence. | .671 | ||||||
| 2. It is possible to learn to speak, read and write in several foreign languages fluently. | .532 | ||||||
| 3. Learning multiple languages improves one's cognitive skills. | .600 | ||||||
| 4. Learning multiple languages can improve performance in Science, Math and Technology subjects. | .543 | ||||||
| 5. Students who speak several languages can serve as linguistic role models for other learners. | .521 | ||||||
| 6. Knowing multiple languages makes it easier to learn additional languages. | .448 | ||||||
| 7. Learning additional languages improves knowledge of previously learned languages. | .577 | ||||||
| 8. Learning multiple foreign languages simultaneously can hinder the language learning process. | -.563 | .650 | |||||
| 9. The presence of many foreign languages in a country can reduce the importance of national languages and associated cultures. | .348 | ||||||
| 10. It is better to learn one language at a time. | -.416 | .723 | |||||
| 11. Using languages other than the target language in lessons can cause confusion in students. | -.544 | .608 | |||||
| 12. One learns more effectively if only the target language is used during lessons. | .419 | ||||||
| 13. Parents promote their children's learning of multiple languages where I live. | .420 | ||||||
| 14. The government promotes the learning of multiple languages where I live by providing sufficient time for language instruction in schools. | .712 | ||||||
| 15. The government promotes the learning of multiple languages where I live by organizing campaigns that promote language learning. | .651 | ||||||
| 16. The government promotes the learning of multiple languages where I live by investing money in language teacher education. | .887 | ||||||
| 17. The government promotes the learning of multiple languages where I live by investing money in language materials | .858 | ||||||
| 18. How easy do you find teaching Grammar? | .632 | ||||||
| 19. How easy do you find teaching Vocabulary? | .767 | ||||||
| 20. How easy do you find teaching Listening skills? | .811 | ||||||
| 21. How easy do you find teaching Reading skills? | .704 | ||||||
| 22. How easy do you find teaching Writing skills? | .755 | ||||||
| 23. How easy do you find teaching Speaking skills? | .790 | ||||||
| 24. How easy do you find teaching Cultural knowledge? | .635 | ||||||
| 25. How easy do you find teaching Pronunciation? | .722 | ||||||
| 26. How easy do you find teaching Language use in context (Pragmatics)? | .780 | ||||||
| 27. The more languages teachers know, the better they can explain language structure. | .681 | ||||||
| 28. The more languages teachers know, the better they can identify the language-related challenges learners face. | .712 | ||||||
| 29. The more languages teachers know, the better they can use more appropriate teaching methods/approaches. | .858 | ||||||
| 30. The more languages teachers know, the better they can increase their repertoire of activities. | .811 | ||||||
| 31. The more languages teachers know, the better they can develop learners' intercultural competence. | .730 | ||||||
| 32. The more languages teachers know, the better they can inspire students to learn languages. | .705 | ||||||
| 33. I focus on explaining the structure of the language. | .715 | ||||||
| 34. I focus on practicing communication and learning language structure more implicitly. | -.555 | ||||||
| 35. I encourage students to translate from the target language during pair/group work. | .444 | ||||||
| 36. I try to incorporate the other languages my students know or are learning into lessons. | .552 | ||||||
| 37. I try to learn the other languages my students know and use these in my lessons. | .465 | ||||||
| 38. I encourage students to use the other languages they know or are learning during lessons. | .610 | .308 | |||||
| 39. I like to point out similarities and differences in the target language and the other languages my students and I know or are learning. | .747 | ||||||
| 40. I give my students advice on how to understand certain concepts in the target language by relating them to the languages my students know or are learning. | .749 | ||||||
| 41. I combine reading/listening activities in other languages that students know with speaking/writing activities in the target language. | .704 | ||||||
| 42. I combine speaking/writing activities in other languages that students know with reading/listening activities in the target language. | .705 | ||||||
| 43. I provide spaces where students and teachers can post content in different languages. | .600 | ||||||
| 44. I display students' foreign language works in classrooms or elsewhere. | .605 | ||||||
| 45. My students each have a language diary where they write their thoughts regarding the languages they are learning or are interested in. | .660 | ||||||
| 46. I encourage my students to write texts using a combination of all the languages they already know or are learning. | .743 | ||||||