Table 1. Comparison of general characteristics by gender.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 19,036) | Men (n = 7,941) | Women (n = 11,095) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 44.76 ± 0.19 | 43.66 ± 0.23 | 45.89 ± 0.22 | < 0.001 | |
| Height, cm | 164.95 ± 0.09 | 171.53 ± 0.09 | 158.14 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 | |
| Body weight, kg | 64.76 ± 0.11 | 71.75 ± 0.16 | 57.53 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.69 ± 0.03 | 24.33 ± 0.04 | 23.02 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 | |
| WC, cm | 81.05 ± 0.10 | 84.81 ± 0.13 | 77.16 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 116.12 ± 0.17 | 118.78 ± 0.20 | 113.37 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.59 ± 0.11 | 78.15 ± 0.15 | 72.94 ± 0.12 | < 0.001 | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 93.85 ± 0.10 | 95.17 ± 0.14 | 92.49 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 | |
| HbA1c, % | 5.49 ± 0.004 | 5.49 ± 0.01 | 5.49 ± 0.01 | 0.630 | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.79 ± 0.11 | 48.04 ± 0.14 | 55.66 ± 0.15 | < 0.001 | |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 131.83 ± 1.06 | 155.52 ± 1.80 | 107.32 ± 0.89 | < 0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 191.03 ± 0.32 | 190.25 ± 0.46 | 191.84 ± 0.41 | 0.007 | |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 116.01 ± 0.50 | 116.60 ± 0.71 | 115.18 ± 0.66 | 0.145 | |
| AST, IU/L | 22.08 ± 0.11 | 24.00 ± 0.18 | 20.09 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 | |
| ALT, IU/L | 22.01 ± 0.18 | 26.88 ± 0.31 | 16.96 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 | |
| Calorie intake, kcal/day | 2,107.33 ± 9.83 | 2,458.49 ± 14.84 | 1,744.01 ± 8.60 | < 0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 312.19 ± 1.32 | 347.32 ± 1.85 | 275.84 ± 1.40 | < 0.001 | |
| Fat, g/day | 49.67 ± 0.39 | 58.42 ± 0.60 | 40.61 ± 0.35 | < 0.001 | |
| Protein, g/day | 75.42 ± 0.46 | 88.70 ± 0.74 | 61.68 ± 0.39 | < 0.001 | |
| Sleep time, hr/day | 6.95 ± 0.01 | 6.95 ± 0.02 | 6.95 ± 0.02 | 0.700 | |
| Obesity | 6,101 (32.5) | 3,023 (39.1) | 3,078 (25.6) | < 0.001a | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 4,462 (21.1) | 2,132 (24.6) | 2,330 (17.5) | < 0.001a | |
| Ketonuria | 1,141 (7.0) | 485 (7.1) | 656 (6.9) | 0.760a | |
| Alcohol drinkingb | 7,973 (60.3) | 4,431 (74.6) | 3,542 (45.5) | < 0.001a | |
| Current smokingc | 3,163 (21.5) | 2,701 (37.8) | 462 (4.9) | < 0.001a | |
| Aerobic exercised | 7,037 (52.7) | 3,112 (56.1) | 3,925 (49.3) | < 0.001a | |
| Education level | 18,086 (100.0) | 7,492 (100.0) | 10,594 (100.0) | < 0.001a | |
| Below elementary school | 3,488 (12.6) | 1,077 (8.6) | 2,411 (16.7) | ||
| Middle school | 1,768 (8.1) | 728 (7.2) | 1,040 (9.0) | ||
| High school | 6,107 (37.4) | 2,651 (39.3) | 3,456 (35.6) | ||
| College or higher | 6,723 (41.9) | 3,036 (45.0) | 3,687 (38.8) | ||
| Oral contraceptives | 1,719 (15.4) | ||||
| Menopause | 5,058 (60.4) | ||||
Values are expressed as mean ± standard error for continuous data or unweighted number (weighted %) for categorical data after data weighting by complex sample analysis. P-values are presented by general linear model under complex sample analysis without adjustment.
BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase.
aP values are presented by χ2 test under complex sample analysis without adjustment; bAlcohol drinkers are defined as the population who consumed more than a drink of alcohol in a month, within a year; cCurrent smokers are defined as the population who smoked more than 100 cigarettes throughout their lifespan; dAerobic exercise is defined as the practice of more than 2 hours 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 1 hour 15 minutes of high-intensity physical activity.