Table 2. Comparison of general characteristics in relation to the presence of urinary ketones in men.
| Characteristics | Men (n = 7,941) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ketonuria (−) (n = 7,456) | Ketonuria (+) (n = 485) | P value | ||
| Age, yr | 44.14 ± 0.23 | 37.42 ± 0.71 | < 0.001*** | |
| Height, cm | 171.46 ± 0.10 | 172.54 ± 0.34 | 0.002 | |
| Body weight, kg | 71.79 ± 0.16 | 71.18 ± 0.61 | 0.339* | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.37 ± 0.05 | 23.87 ± 0.18 | 0.009* | |
| WC, cm | 84.93 ± 0.13 | 83.15 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 118.88 ± 0.21 | 117.45 ± 0.64 | 0.032 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.24 ± 0.15 | 76.92 ± 0.52 | 0.012 | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 95.47 ± 0.15 | 91.25 ± 0.46 | < 0.001*** | |
| HbA1c, % | 5.50 ± 0.01 | 5.38 ± 0.02 | < 0.001*** | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.85 ± 0.15 | 50.64 ± 0.62 | < 0.001** | |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 156.43 ± 1.80 | 143.59 ± 8.35 | 0.130*** | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.48 ± 0.48 | 187.19 ± 1.74 | 0.070 | |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 116.90 ± 0.74 | 111.85 ± 2.68 | 0.069 | |
| AST, IU/L | 23.78 ± 0.15 | 26.93 ± 1.55 | 0.043 | |
| ALT, IU/L | 26.78 ± 0.31 | 28.31 ± 1.38 | 0.270 | |
| Calorie intake, kcal/day | 2,459.61 ± 15.24 | 2,443.73 ± 56.09 | 0.783* | |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 348.65 ± 1.91 | 329.84 ± 7.11 | 0.011** | |
| Fat, g/day | 58.21 ± 0.62 | 61.22 ± 2.20 | 0.184 | |
| Protein, g/day | 88.75 ± 0.76 | 88.13 ± 2.61 | 0.818 | |
| Sleep time, hr/day | 6.94 ± 0.02 | 6.99 ± 0.07 | 0.516 | |
| Obesity | 2,869 (39.6) | 154 (32.5) | 0.006 | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 2,045 (25.3) | 87 (15.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Abdominal obesity, ≥ 90 cm | 2,063 (27,4) | 109 (20.8) | 0.003 | |
| High TGb | 3,017 (39.9) | 143 (28.2) | < 0.001 | |
| HDL-C, < 40 mg/dL | 1,796 (23.1) | 86 (17.1) | 0.006 | |
| High BPc | 3,239 (38.1) | 178 (33.3) | 0.065 | |
| Abnormal FBGd | 2,474 (30.0) | 110 (18.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol drinking | 4,139 (74.6) | 292 (74.5) | 0.974a | |
| Current smoking | 2,492 (37.2) | 209 (44.7) | 0.003a | |
| Aerobic exercise | 2,883 (55.5) | 229 (62.9) | 0.007a | |
| Education level | 7,031 (100.0) | 461 (100.0) | < 0.001a | |
| Below elementary school | 1,030 (8.8) | 47 (5.2) | ||
| Middle school | 702 (7.5) | 26 (3.7) | ||
| High school | 2,456 (38.6) | 195 (47.6) | ||
| College or higher | 2,843 (45.1) | 193 (43.5) | ||
Values are expressed as mean ± standard error after data weighting by complex sample analysis or number (%). P values are presented by general linear model under complex sample analysis without adjustment.
BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, TG = triglyceride, FBG = fasting blood glucose, DM = diabetes mellitus.
aP values are presented by χ2 test under complex sample analysis without adjustment: bTG ≥ 150 mg/dL or drug treatment for dyslipidemia; cSBP ≥ 130 mmHg, DBP ≥ 85 mmHg or drug treatment for HTN; dFBG ≥ 100 mg/dL or drug treatment for DM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by general linear model under complex sample analysis after adjustment with age, daily sleep time, alcohol drinking status, current smoking status, practice of aerobic exercise and education level for men.