Table I.
Metabolites and proteins found in OSA patients through OMICS approaches.
| Reference | Sample | Number of participants | Proteins/metabolites | Differently expressed biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. 2017 69 | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 48 patients with sleep-disordered breathing | Proteins | Angiomotin (AMOT), pleckstrin homology, MyTH4 and FERM domain containing H3 (PLEKHH3), adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR), baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), and galectin 3 (LGALS3) proteins |
| Krishna et al. 2006 64 | Urine | 11 paediatrics OSA and 11 controls | Proteins | Gelsolin, Perlecan (a heparan sulfate proteoglycan), Albumin, Immunoglobulin |
| Shah et al. 2006 65 | Serum | 20 paediatrics OSA and 20 controls | Proteins | 3 proteins with molecular masses of 5896, 3306 and 6068 Da |
| Gozal et al. 2009 66 | Urine | 30 paediatrics OSA and 30 controls | Proteins | Uromodulin, Urocortin-3, Kallikrein, Bikunin, Tenascin, Human Tribbles homolog-2, Zinc finger protein-81, 36/1, Orosomucoid-2, a1-Microglobulin, PCAF histone acetylase, Prolyl hydroxylase domain |
| Becker et al. 2014 70 | Urine | 14 paediatrics OSA and 13 controls | Proteins | 30-fold more candidate biomarkers |
| Jurado-Gamez et al. 2012 33 | Serum | 30 OSA and 10 controls | Proteins | 30 proteins |
| Seetho et al. 2014 67 | Urine | 27 OSA and 25 controls | Proteins | 15 peptides |
| Zheng et al. 2014 30 | Saliva | 20 Non-CVD OSA and 18 CVD OSA | Proteins | Fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA), Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), Tubulin alpha-4A chain (TUBA4A) and other 7 differentially expressed peptides still to be identified |
| Ferrarini et al. 2013 34 | Plasma | 18 OSA severe and 15 OSA non severe | Metabolites | Phosphatidylcholine (PC), Phosphoserine (PS), Lysophosphatilysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), LPA, PE methyl-hydroperoxy-octadecatrienoate, PGF2-alpha diethyl amide Pipecolic acid, Arg, Phe, His |
| Kawai et al. 2013 3 | Saliva | 20 male OSA | Metabolites | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) |
| Engeli et al. 2012 37 | Plasma | 29 OSA, 26 OSA type II diabetes, 21 controls |
Metabolites | Anandamide; (AEA), Arachidonoylglycerols; (AG), Oleoyl ethanolamide; (OEA), Arachidonic acid (AA), increase in the total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) |
| Ezzedini et al. 2013 39 | Tonsillar tissue | 114 pediatrics OSA and 92 recurrent tonsillitis | Metabolites | Palmitoleic acid, Oleic acid, Stearic acid |
| Papandreu et al. 2013 38 | Adipose tissue | 63 OSA | Metabolites | Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic acid, n-6 fatty acids n-3 (precursors of prostaglandins and serotonin) and n-6 fatty acids |
| Fletcher et al. 1987 60 | Urine | 8 severe OSA and 5 HTN and obese non OSA patients | Metabolites | Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrine (NE), Metanephrine (MN), Normetanephrine (NMN) |
| Paci et al. 2000 45 | Plasma | 10 male OSA (8 normotensive and 2 untreated HTN) and 11 controls | Metabolites | Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (E), Dopamine (DA), Endogenous digitalis-like factor (EDLF) |
| O’Driscoll et al. 2011 62 | Urine | 70 snorers and 26 controls | Metabolites | Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine (DA), Noradrenaline, Adrenaline |
| Paik et al. 2014 61 | Urine | 49 OSA (of which 23 with insomnia) | Metabolites | Homovanillic acid (HVA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) |
| Gislason et al. 1992 63 | Cerebrospinal fluid | 15 OSA and 18 healthy controls, 12 patients with suspected neurological disease | Metabolites | 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, serotonin metabolite), Homovanillic acid (HVA, DA metabolite), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) |
| Dikmenoglu et al. 2006 47 | Plasma | 11 OSA and 11 controls | Metabolites/proteins | Malondialdehyde (MDA), fibrinogen |
| Stanke-Labesque et al. 2009 51 | Urine | 40 non obese OSA and 20 controls | Metabolites | Leukotriene E(4) (U-LTE (4)), 11-dehydroTXB2 |
| Barcelò et al. 2012 31 | Saliva | 119 OSAS and 35 controls | Metabolites | Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), Fetuin-A, |
| Zhang et al. 2018 10 | Serum extracellular microvescicles | 20 OSA and 20 controls | Proteins | Haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), Platelet factor 4 (PF4), Coagulation factor XIII (F13a1), Fibronectin (FN1) |
| Lebkuchen et al. 2018 35 | Plasma | 37 OSA and 16 controls | Metabolites | Deoxy sugar; 2,6-diphenyl-1,7-dihydrodipyrrolo[2,3-b:3′,2′-e] pyridine; 9-hexadecenoic acid (Z), Arachidonic acid (AA), 5,5′-biphthalide, L-glutamine, Glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE), Monoacylglycerophosphocholines (lyso-phosphocholines) (LPC), sphingomyelin (SM), diacylglycerols (DAG), glycerophosphocholines (PC), glycerophosphates (PA), Glutamic acid, Methyl cysteine, Serine |
| Xu et al. 2016 50 | Urine and plasma | 60 OSA, 30 simple snorers and 30 controls | Metabolites | 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 3,4-dihydrxoybutyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxypentenoic acid, cytidine 5’-diphosphocholine, ethanolamine, myo-inositol, 2,3-dihydrxoypropanoic acid, arabinose, arabitol, cellobiose, maltose, threitol, alanine, isoleucine, serine, threoninyl-methionine, trimethylamine N-oxide, valine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, lactic acid, glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate, putrescine, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, vanillic acid, hypoxanthine, inosine, xanthine |