TABLE 3.

Generalized estimating equation models of any I/ADL difficulty, difficulty without help, and difficulty without help among individuals living alone with CIND or dementia

Panel A: women	White (n = 3786) Prevalence (%)	Black (n = 1603) Prevalence ratio [95% CI]	Hispanic (n = 763) Prevalence ratio [95% CI]
Any I/ADL difficulty	48.1	1.13 [1.03,1.23]**	1.21 [1.08,1.35]**
Any I/ADL difficulty without help	33.0	1.22 [1.09,1.37]**	1.08 [0.92,1.28]
Any I/ADL difficulty with help	33.9	1.09 [0.97,1.24]	1.36 [1.18,1.57]**
Panel B:Men	White (n = 1621)	Black (n = 856)	Hispanic (n = 249)
	Prevalence (%)	Prevalence ratio [95% CI]	Prevalence ratio [95% CI]
Any I/ADL difficulty	41.3	1.03 [0.88,1.21]	1.00 [0.78,1.28]
Any I/ADL difficulty without help	31.3	1.07 [0.89,1.28]	1.05 [0.78,1.41]
Any I/ADL difficulty with help	24.1	0.96 [0.75,1.24]	0.89 [0.62,1.27]

Notes: Underlying data are pooled observations of respondents living alone with probable dementia or CIND observed in the 2000 to 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. This universe includes respondents who reported no I/ADL difficulty, who could not have difficultywith orwithout help by definition. Each row displays results from a separatemodel. The first column shows the prevalence of any ADL or IADL difficulty (with help,without help) among the baseline group, non-Hispanic whites. The other columns display risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals from a generalized estimating equation (“xtgee”) configured to the binomial distribution, log link function, and unstructured within-group correlation. Covariates include race/ethnicity, 10-year age categorical variables, and HRS wave indicator variables. Sample weights are set equal to the respondent’s average weight in the sample. Asterisks denote statistical significance at the 5%(*) and 1%(**) levels.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval; CIND, cognitive impairment, no dementia; I/ADL, instrumental activities of daily living