Table 1.
Selected areas of Histoplasma endemicity outside the North America based on the histoplasmin skin reactivity
| Country, year, region | Number tested (population) | Histoplasmin skin test positivity (%), (location if multiple in study) |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | ||
| Mali, 1969 [304] | 1253 (school children) | 6.0 |
| Nigeria, 2018 [50] | 735 (HIV-infected patients) | 0 (Lagos), 3 (Yola), 2 (Ilorin), 6 (Calabar), 3 (Ibadan), 15 (Benin) |
| Nigeria, Anambra State, 1996 [51] | 40 (cave guides, traders, farmers near a cave), 620 (traders, farmers, palm oil workers) |
35.0 8.8 |
| Nigeria, 1991 [305] | 1087 (healthy subjects), 226 (pulmonary hospital patients) |
1.7-5.0 (Hcc), 0.5-4.5 (Hcd) 8.9 (Hcc), 6.6 (Hcd) |
| Somalia, Mogadishu and Jilib, 1979 [52] | 1014 (NA) | 0.3 |
| Uganda, 1970 [53] | 1114 (residents) | 3.9 |
| Asia | ||
| Bangladesh, 1971 [67] | 2572 (pulmonary disease patients) | 17.9 |
| China, 2001 [68] | 735 (hospitalized patients and healthy residents) | 8.9 (Hunan), 15.1 (Jiangsu), 2.1 (Xinjiang) |
| China, Sichuan Province, 1996 [306] |
271 (healthy students and workers) 28 (hospitalized TB patients) |
21.8 28.6 |
| India, 1955 [61] | 962 (NA) | 1.9 |
| India, Delhi, 1962 [61] | 8062 (NA) | 6.8 |
| India, Kolkata (Calcutta), 1956 [61] | 4855 (NA) | 0.7 |
| Indonesia, 1956 [75] | 2542 (students, hospital patients, nurses) | 2.7 (children), 9–12 (adults), Jakarta |
| Indonesia, 1956 [307] | 281 in Surabaya, 340 in Kedisan (school children/villagers) | 32 (Surabaya), 63.6 (Kedisan) |
| Indonesia, Medan, 1997 [308] | 1265 medical students | 13.6 |
| Malaysia, Sarawak, 1963 [309] | 181 school children/hospitalized patients | 0.5 |
| Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1964 [310] | 224 adults | 10.5 |
| Malaysia, Sabah, 1971 [76] | 3824 (residents) | 11.8 |
| Myanmar, 1952 [96] | 3558 (prisoners) |
14.5-27.1 (Lower and Rangoon), 4.0–8.4 (Upper) 86.4 (Maguee) |
| Philippines, Luzon Island, 2001, 1964 [74] | 143 (electric company employees) | 25.9 |
| Philippines, Manilla, 1964 [311] | 2577 (naval recruits) | 6.4 |
| Thailand, 1966-1968, [312] | NA (NA) | 3–9 (central), 7–14 (northern), 15–36 (southeast and southern) |
| Thailand, Bangkok, 1967 [313] | 497 (medical/nursing students) | 5.6 |
| Thailand, 1968 [73] | 4211 (prisoners) | 14 (northern), 9 (central), 36 (southern) |
| Vietnam, 1956, Saigon [307] | 303 school children/villagers | 33.7 |
| Caribbean | ||
| Barbados, 1981 [314] | 103 (NA) | 4 |
| Trinidad, 1981 [314] | 86 (NA) | 42 |
| Central and South America | ||
| Argentina, San Martin City, 1996 [315] | 315 (children) | 9.2 |
| Belize, 1978 [316] | 141 (NA) | 40 |
| Brazil, Amazon, 1994 [317] | NA (Tupi-Monde Amerindian populations) | 78.7 (Surui), 5.8 (Gaviao), 80.5 (Zoro) |
| Brazil, Recife, 1966 [318] | 1006 (hospital patients) | 20.5 |
| Brazil, Belem, 1966 [318] | 258 (hospital patients and medical students) | 43.4 |
| Brazil, Minas Gerais State, 1996 [319] | 417 (miners) | 17.5 |
| Colombia, 1968[320] | NA (NA) | 21.0 |
| Guatemala, 1960 [321] | 821 (hospital patients) | 23–81 |
| Mexico, Guerrero State, 1997 [322] | 139 (cave guides, guano collectors, fishermen) | 87.3 (Jutlahuaca), 76.9 (Olinala), 3.8 (Coyuca) |
| Venezuela, Bolivar State, 2004 [323] | 157 (residents, farmers) | 42.7 |
| Europe | ||
| Italy, Po Valley, 1994 [109] | 776 (students) | 1.2 |
Hcc—Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum; Hcd—Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii; NA—information not available