Table 2.

Multinomial logistic regression of demographic and psychosocial correlates related to tobacco use by ever use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes–PATH Study Wave 1 Data (2013-2014)¹

			Ever Product Users (n=2,326)
	Committed Never Users: Cigarettes and E-cigarettes² (n=5,701)		Ever E-cigarette Only Users (no Cigarette Smoking)³ (n=488)		Ever Cigarette Only Smoking (No E-cigarette Use)³ (n=875)		Ever Dual E-cigarette and Cigarette Use³ (n=963)
	n (%) [95% CI]	aOR [95% CI]	n (%) [95% CI]		n (%) [95% CI])	aOR [95% CI]	n (%) [95% CI])	aOR [95% CI]
Other Tobacco Use
Ever non-cigarette combustible tobacco use⁴	117 (2.1%) [1.8-2.6]	0.06 (0.05-0.08)^**	148 (32.9%) [28.1-38.0]	REF	340 (41.8%) [37.9-45.7]	1.5 (1.1-2.0)^*	670 (72.6%) [69.4-75.6]	5.4 (4.0-7.2)^**
Ever smokeless tobacco use⁵ (excluding E-cigarettes)	47 (0.9%) [0.6-1.2]	0.10 (0.06-0.15)^**	39 (9.3%) [6.8-12.6]	REF	135 (16.7%) [14.3-19.4]	2.3 (1.5-3.3)^**	310 (34.5%) [30.5-38.8]	4.9 (3.2-7.5)^**
Other Substance Use
Ever use of marijuana⁶	152 (2.8%) [2.3-3.3]	0.08 (0.06-0.11)^**	142 (32.0%) [27.9-36.5]	REF	394 (47.6%) [43.3-52.0]	1.9 (1.4-2.5)^**	656 (71.4%) [67.9-74.7]	5.5 (4.0-7.5)^**
Ever alcohol use⁷	437 (8.4%) [7.5-9.3]	0.10 (0.08-0.12)^**	233 (52.7%) [48.0-57.4]	REF	462 (56.6%) [52.7-60.5]	1.0 (0.8-1.4)	643 (71.3%) [68.2-74.3]	1.8 (1.4-2.4)^**
Psychosocial Factors
High GAIN Substance Use Scale score⁸	13 (0.2%) [0.1-0.4]	0.06 (0.02-0.12)^**	20 (4.1%) [2.6-6.4]	REF	59 (7.8%) [5.9-10.1]	1.9 (1.1-3.4)^*	168 (18.9%) [16.1-22.0]	5.7 (3.5-9.3)^**
High GAIN Internalizing Scale score⁹	794 (15.4%) [14.2-16.7]	0.39 (0.31-0.49)^**	141 (30.9%) [26.8-35.3]	REF	315 (39.0%) [35.2-43.0]	1.3 (1.0-1.7)	375 (41.6%) [38.2-45.0]	1.6 (1.2-2.0)^**
High GAIN Externalizing Scale score¹⁰	1,186 (23.3%) [22.0-24.6]	0.32 (0.26-0.40)^**	212 (47.7%) [42.6-52.8	REF	373 (47.0%) [43.6-50.5]	1.0 (0.8-1.2)	457 (51.7%) [48.4-55.0]	1.2 (1.0-1.6)
High Sensation Seeking score¹¹	1,523 (29.2%) [27.8-30.8]	0.24 (0.19-0.30)^**	296 (66.0%) [60.9-70.6]	REF	484 (60.1%) [55.9-64.2]	0.8 (0.6-1.0)	637 (70.8%) [67.7-73.6]	1.2 (0.9-1.5)
Academic Achievement¹²
Mostly B’s or B’s and C’s compared to Mostly A’s or A’s and B’s	1,304 (23.7%) [22.4-25.1]	0.6 (0.5-0.8)^**	153 (31.9%) [27.6-36.6]	REF	280 (35.6%) [32.2-39.2]	1.6 (1.2-2.1)^*	326 (36.8%) [33.5-40.4]	2.1 (1.5-2.8)^**
Mostly C’s or C’s and D’s compared to Mostly A’s or A’s and B’s	379 (6.6%) [5.9-7.5]	0.5 (0.3-0.7)^**	55 (11.8%) [9.1-15.1]	REF	145 (17.9%) [15.4-20.7]	2.4 (1.6-3.5)^**	191 (20.9%) [17.7-24.4]	3.4 (2.2-5.1)^**
Mostly D’s or D’s and F’s or mostly F’s compared to Mostly A’s or A’s and B’s	71 (1.2%) [0.9-1.7]	0.5 (0.2-1.0)^*	—^¶	REF	44 (4.9%) [3.6-6.6]	3.4 [1.5-7.5]^*	76 (8.2%) [6.6-10.1]	6.8 [3.2-14.1]^**
Household Tobacco Use
Household member smokes cigarettes (in addition to other forms of tobacco)¹³ compared to no household use of any form of tobacco	1,297 (22.9%) [21,1-24.9]	0.5 (0.4-0.7)^**	154 (31.3%) [26.5-36.4]	REF	412 (48.9%) [44.6-53.1]	2.1 (1.7-2.8)^**	508 (53.8%) [49.8-57.8]	2.8 (2.0-3.8)^**
Household member uses some other form of tobacco (without cigarettes)¹³ compared to no household use of any form of tobacco	317 (6.3%) [5.5-7.2]	0.4 (0.3-0.5)^**	54 (12.8%) [9.6-16.8]	REF	82 (10.4%) [8.5-12.6]	1.1 (0.7-1.6)	75 (8.4%) [6.8-10.4]	0.9 (0.6-1.4)
Any exposure to others smoking within the past 7 days¹⁴	1,608 (30.2%) [28.7-31.8]	0.4 (0.3-0.4)^**	253 (54.3%) [49.7-58.9]	REF	551 (68.1%) [64.8-71.3]	1.8 (1.4-2.2)^**	739 (82.8%) [79.9-85.4]	4.2 (3.2-5.4)^**

Estimates in bold are statistically significantly different, * indicates p<0.05 and ** indicates p<0.001;

^¶

Estimate not presented because relative standard error ≥30% or denominator <50.

Covariates included in the multinomial logistic models include age, treated as a continuous variable; gender, treated dichotomously (male or female); race, categorized as white race alone, black race alone, Asian race alone, or other race, including multiracial; and Hispanic ethnicity, categorized as Hispanic or non-Hispanic.

A total of 353 committed never users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes had missing covariates (i.e., age, gender, race, or ethnicity) and were dropped from the model.

A total of 33 ever e-cigarette, no cigarette users, 50 ever cigarette, no e-cigarette users, and 45 ever cigarette and e-cigarette users had missing covariates and were dropped from the model. Use of other tobacco products was not assessed in these groups.

⁴

Youth who reported ever smoking a traditional cigar, cigarillo, or filtered cigar, even one or two times; ever smoking a pipe filled with tobacco, even one or two puffs; ever smoking tobacco in a hookah, even one or two puffs; or having tried a bidi or kretek, even one or two times were classified as ever non-cigarette combustible product users. A combination of missing data and “no’s” to any of the products included in this variable were counted as missing (n=10).

⁵

Youth who reported ever having used snus pouches, loose snus, moist snuff, dip, spit or chewing tobacco, or dissolvable tobacco products (such as Ariva, Stonewall or Camel Orbs, Sticks or Strips), even one or two times were classified as ever smokeless tobacco product users. A combination of missing data and “no’s” to any of the products included in this variable (i.e., YS1002_01, YS1002_02, YU1003, and YD1002) were counted as missing (n=89).

⁶

Youth were asked “Have you ever used marijuana, hash, THC, grass, pot or weed? (Yes/No)”, unless they had previously reported having ever smoked part or all of a cigar, cigarillo, or filtered cigar with marijuana in it. Affirmative responses to either question classified as an ever marijuana user (n=35 missing).

⁷

All youth were asked “Have you ever used alcohol at all, including sips of someone’s drink or your own drink?” (Yes/No). Those that answered affirmatively were asked “About how old were you when you had your first alcoholic drink, other than small tastes or sips?” Those indicating that “I have never had an alcoholic drink other than small tastes or sips” were reclassified as never users for the purpose of this analysis. Those who did not know or refused to answer: 1) if they had ever used alcohol at all, or 2) the age when they first had an alcoholic drink were excluded from this variable (n=49 missing).

⁸

The GAIN-SS Substance Use subscale consists of seven items: (1) used alcohol or other drugs weekly or more often; (2) spent a lot of time getting alcohol or other drugs; (3) spent a lot of time using or recovering from alcohol or other drugs; (4) kept using alcohol or other drugs, even though it was causing social problems, leading to fights, or getting into trouble with other people; (5) use of alcohol or other drugs caused reduced involvement in activities at work, school, home, or social events; (6) withdrawal problems; and (7) use of alcohol or other drugs to stop being sick or avoid withdrawal problems. Youth were asked to report whether they had experienced each problem: within the past month; 2–12 months ago; over a year ago; never; or don’t know/refused. Problems experienced within the past year were tallied and dichotomized by severity, with four or more problems reported in the past year categorized as a high score (n=253 missing; includes those missing responses for any of the scale items).

⁹

The GAIN-SS Internalizing subscale consists of four items, asking about the last time you had significant problems with: (1) feeling very trapped, lonely, sad, blue, depressed, or hopeless about the future; (2) sleep trouble, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly, or falling asleep during the day; (3) feeling very anxious, nervous, tense, scared, panicked, or like something bad was going to happen; and (4) becoming very distressed and upset when something reminded you of the past. Youth were asked to report whether they had experienced each problem: within the past month; 2–12 months ago; over a year ago; never; or don’t know/refused. Problems experienced within the past year were tallied and dichotomized by severity, with four problems reported in the past year categorized as a high score (n=206 missing; includes those missing responses for any of the scale items).

¹⁰

The GAIN-SS Externalizing subscale consists of seven items, asking about the last time you did the following two or more times: (1) had a hard time paying attention at school, work, or home; (2) had a hard time listening to instructions at school, work, or home; (3) lied or conned to get things you wanted or to avoid having to do something; (4) were a bully or threatened other people; (5) started physical fights with other people; (6) felt restless or the need to run around or climb on things; and (7) gave answers before the other person finished asking the question. Youth were asked to report whether they had experienced each problem: within the past month; 2–12 months ago; over a year ago; never; or don’t know/refused. Problems experienced within the past year were tallied and dichotomized by severity, with four or more problems reported in the past year categorized as a high score (n=372 missing; includes those missing responses for any of the scale items).

¹¹

Youth were asked to indicate whether they agreed or disagreed with the following three measures regarding sensation seeking: (1) I like to do frightening things; (2) I like new and exciting experiences, even if I have to break the rules; and (3) I prefer friends who are exciting and unpredictable. Response options for each item were strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. Responses were scored according to strength of agreement (4, 3, 2, 1, 0), and then summed to create an overall score. Based on the overall distribution of scores, the approximate upper quartile (75%) of six or higher was selected as the cut-off for high levels of sensation seeking. Scores were then dichotomized to indicate high (≥6) versus low (<6) levels of sensation seeking (n=152 missing; includes those missing responses for any of the scale items).

¹²

Academic achievement: n=83 missing (including n=38 where school was ungraded). This item was reported by parents in the parent interview.

¹³

All youth were asked “Does anyone who lives with you now do any of the following? Choose all that apply: 1) Smoke cigarettes; 2) Use smokeless tobacco, such as chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, or snus; 3) Smoke cigars, cigarillos, or filtered cigars; 4) Use any other form of tobacco; 5) No one who lives with me now uses any form of tobacco; 6) Don’t know/refused. Responses were categorized as no household use of any form of tobacco (option 5), household member smokes cigarettes (in addition to other forms of tobacco) (option 1), or household member uses some other form of tobacco (without cigarettes) (options 2, 3, or 4, and not 1) (n=66 missing).

¹⁴

All youth were asked “During the past seven days, about how many hours were you around others who were smoking [whether or not you were smoking yourself]? Include time in your home, in a car, at school, or outdoors.” All responding with a value of >0 hours were classified as exposed to others smoking in the past seven days (n=251 missing).