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. 2020 Aug 10;128(8):087002. doi: 10.1289/EHP6517

Figure 2.

Figure 2A is Directed Acyclic Graph. Maternal education leads to Socioeconomic status, Maternal parity, Maternal measles antibodies, and Child health. Maternal parity leads to Maternal PFAS. Socioeconomic status leads to Child PFAS and Maternal PFAS. Maternal PFAS leads to preterm birth, Child PFAS, Breastfeeding, and Maternal measles antibodies. Preterm birth leads to Child weight at inclusion, Child PFAS, and Child measles antibodies pre-vaccination. Child age at inclusion leads to child weight at inclusion. Maternal measles antibodies lead to Child measles antibodies pre-vaccination. Breastfeeding leads to Child PFAS and Child health. Child health leads to Child measles antibodies pre-vaccination and Child measles antibodies post-vaccination. Child PFAS leads to Child measles antibodies pre-vaccination and Child measles antibodies post-vaccination. Child measles antibodies pre-vaccination leads to Child measles antibodies post-vaccination. Sex leads to Child PFAS and Child measles antibodies post-vaccination. Figure 2B is Directed Acyclic Graph. Maternal education leads to Socioeconomic status, Maternal parity, and Child morbidity. Maternal parity leads to Maternal PFAS. Socioeconomic status leads to Child PFAS and Maternal PFAS. Maternal PFAS leads to preterm birth, Child PFAS, and Breastfeeding. Preterm birth leads to Child weight at inclusion, Child PFAS, and Child morbidity. Child age at inclusion leads to child weight at inclusion. Breastfeeding leads to Child PFAS and Child morbidity. Sex leads to Child PFAS and Child morbidity. Child PFAS leads to Child morbidity.

Directed acyclic graphs for the hypothesized associations between child PFAS concentrations and (A) measles antibody concentrations or (B) child morbidity. Arrows indicate a priori assumptions of associations. Dotted squares indicate unobserved variables. Note: PFAS, perfluoroalkyl substances.