Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic and facility characteristics.
| Variables | Whole cohort n, (%) | No Treatment n, (%) | Treatment n, (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous Variables | ||||
| Age, years (Mean, SD) | 76.24 (3.74) | 77.48 (4.11) | 75.85 (3.51) | <0.001 |
| PSA, ng/ml (Median, IQR) | 5.6 (4.4–7.2) | 5.8 (4.5–7.4) | 5.6 (4.4–7.2) | <0.001 |
| Categorical Variables | ||||
| Life Expectancy Groups | <0.001 | |||
| 66–69 & CCI=2 | 758 (3.15) | 136 (2.31) | 622 (3.42) | |
| 70–74 & CCI≥1 | 4,485 (18.63) | 755 (12.80) | 3,730 (20.52) | |
| 75–79 & all CCI | 15,097 (62.70) | 3,450 (58.48) | 11,647 (64.07) | |
| ≥80 & all CCI | 3,737 (15.52) | 1,558 (26.41) | 2,179 (11.99) | |
| Race | 0.0113 | |||
| White | 20,944 (86.99) | 5,040 (85.44) | 15,904 (87.49) | |
| Black | 2,218 (9.21) | 606 (10.27) | 1,612 (8.87) | |
| Other | 627 (2.60) | 153 (2.59) | 474 (2.61) | |
| Unknown | 288 (1.20) | 100 (1.70) | 188 (1.03) | |
| Year of Diagnosis | <0.001 | |||
| 2004 | 2,989 (12.41) | 509 (8.63) | 2,480 (13.64) | |
| 2005 | 2,877 (11.95) | 493 (8.36) | 2,384 (13.11) | |
| 2006 | 3,104 (12.89) | 579 (9.82) | 2,525 (13.89) | |
| 2007 | 3,154 (13.10) | 570 (9.66) | 2,584 (14.21) | |
| 2008 | 2,750 (11.42) | 632 (10.71) | 2,118 (11.65) | |
| 2009 | 2,292 (9.52) | 662 (11.22) | 1,630 (8.97) | |
| 2010 | 2,112 (8.77) | 648 (10.98) | 1,464 (8.05) | |
| 2011 | 2,072 (8.61) | 690 (11.70) | 1,382 (7.60) | |
| 2012 | 1,433 (5.95) | 538 (9.12) | 895 (4.92) | |
| 2013 | 1,294 (5.37) | 578 (9.80) | 716 (3.94) | |
| Clinical T Stage | 0.0001 | |||
| 1 | 20,508 (85.18) | 5,157 (87.42) | 15,351(84.45) | |
| 2 | 3,569 (14.82) | 742 (12.58) | 2,827 (15.55) | |
| Insurance Type | <0.001 | |||
| Private | 2,948 (12.24) | 665 (11.27) | 2,283 (12.56) | |
| Medicaid | 239 (0.99) | 83 (1.41) | 156 (0.86) | |
| Medicare | 20,234 (84.04) | 4,948 (83.88) | 15,286 (84.09) | |
| Other Government | 172 (0.71) | 31 (0.53) | 141 (0.78) | |
| Uninsured | 90 (0.37) | 42 (0.71) | 48 (0.26) | |
| Unknown | 394 (1.64) | 130 (2.20) | 264 (1.45) | |
| Income | 0.8551 | |||
| ≥$63,000 | 7,573 (31.45) | 1,816 (30.78) | 5,757 (31.67) | |
| $48,000–$62,999 | 6,636 (27.56) | 1,650 (27.97) | 4,986 (27.43) | |
| $38,000–$47,999 | 5,841 (24.26) | 1,421 (24.09) | 4,420 (24.32) | |
| ≤$37,999 | 4,005 (16.63) | 1,007 (17.07) | 2,998 (16.49) | |
| Unknown | 22 (0.09) | 5 (0.08) | 17 (0.09) | |
| Education Level* | 0.1838 | |||
| ≥21% | 3,495 (14.52) | 903 (15.31) | 2,592 (14.26) | |
| 13–20.9% | 5,903 (24.52) | 1,354 (22.95) | 4,549 (25.02) | |
| 7–12.9% | 8,421 (34.98) | 2,053 (34.80) | 6,368 (35.03) | |
| ≤6.9% | 6,246 (25.94) | 1,585 (26.87) | 4,661 (25.64) | |
| Unknown | 12 (0.05) | 4 (0.07) | 8 (0.04) | |
| Great Circle Distance, Miles** | 0.0933 | |||
| ≤12.4 | 15,081 (62.64) | 3,590 (60.86) | 11,491 (63.21) | |
| 12.5–49.9 | 7,103 (29.50) | 1,758 (29.80) | 5,345 (29.40) | |
| ≥50 | 1,893 (7.86) | 551 (9.34) | 1,342 (7.38) | |
| Urban/Rural Status | 0.8117 | |||
| Metro | 19,200 (79.74) | 4,665 (79.08) | 14,535 (79.96) | |
| Urban | 3,899 (16.19) | 991 (16.80) | 2,908 (16.00) | |
| Rural | 544 (2.26) | 135 (2.29) | 409 (2.25) | |
| Unknown | 434 (1.80) | 108 (1.83) | 326 (1.79) | |
| Facility Type | <0.001 | |||
| Comprehensive Community | 12,959 (53.82) | 2,547 (43.18) | 10,412 (57.28) | |
| Community Cancer Center | 3,157 (13.11) | 884 (14.99) | 2,273 (12.50) | |
| Integrated Network Cancer Program | 1,404 (5.83) | 262 (4.44) | 1,142 (6.28) | |
| Academic | 6,552 (27.21) | 2,206 (37.40) | 4,346 (23.91) | |
| Other | 5 (0.02) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.03) | |
| Facility Case Volume | 0.8814 | |||
| Very Low (≤20/year) | 6,187 (25.70) | 1,559 (26.43) | 4,628 (25.46) | |
| Low (21–36/year) | 5,896 (24.49) | 1,413 (23.95) | 4,483 (24.66) | |
| High (37–66/year) | 6,089 (25.29) | 1,444 (24.48) | 4,645 (25.55) | |
| Very High (≥67/year) | 5,905 (24.53) | 1,483 (25.14) | 4,422 (24.33) | |
| Facility Location | 0.1619 | |||
| New England | 1,547 (6.43) | 504 (8.54) | 1,043 (5.74) | |
| Middle Atlantic | 4,158 (17.27) | 894 (15.16) | 3,264 (17.96) | |
| South Atlantic | 5,259 (21.84) | 1,235 (20.94) | 4,024 (22.14) | |
| East North Central | 4,750 (19.73) | 1,286 (21.80) | 3,464 (19.06) | |
| East South Central | 1,734 (7.20) | 320 (5.42) | 1,414 (7.78) | |
| West North Central | 2,242 (9.31) | 573 (9.71) | 1,669 (9.18) | |
| West South Central | 1,309 (5.44) | 324 (5.49) | 985 (5.42) | |
| Mountain | 738 (3.07) | 193 (3.27) | 545 (3.00) | |
| Pacific | 2,340 (9.72) | 570 (9.66) | 1,770 (9.74) |
*
Percentage of adults within patient’s home zip code without a high school diploma quartiles.
**
Distance in miles between patient’s residence based on ZIP code centroid or city to street address of treating facility.