Table 3.
Results of linear mixed effects models of the amounts of excretion of isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) and serum calcium levels on diastolic blood pressure in 166 adherent premenopausal women
| Model 1a,b | Model 2a,b | Model 3a,b | Model 4a,b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect | Isoflavones | Isoflavones, Calcium |
Isoflavones, Calcium, Age at entry, Race, BMI |
Model 3, Isoflavones×Calcium |
| Daidzein Exposure | ||||
| Daidzein (DE) | −0.695 (0.421)c | −0.841 (0.424)c | −0.886 (0.419)c | −0.851 (0.420)c |
| 0.10d | 0.048d | 0.035d | 0.043d | |
| Calcium | -e | 1.097 (0.553) | 1.289 (0.548) | 1.320 (0.548) |
| - | 0.048 | 0.019 | 0.016 | |
| DE×Calcium | - | - | - | −1.004 (0.884) |
| - | - | - | 0.26 | |
| Genistein Exposure | ||||
| Genistein (GE) | −2.524 (1.423) | −2.821 (1.425) | −2.987 (1.409) | −2.996 (1.408) |
| 0.08 | 0.048 | 0.034 | 0.034 | |
| Calcium | - | 1.074 (0.552) | 1.266 (0.547) | 1.323 (0.548) |
| - | 0.052 | 0.021 | 0.016 | |
| GE×Calcium | - | - | - | −3.959 (2.995) |
| - | - | - | 0.19 | |
| Sum Exposure | ||||
| DE + GE | −0.575 (0.333) | −0.683 (0.334) | −0.720 (0.332) | −0.700 (0.332) |
| 0.09 | 0.042 | 0.030 | 0.035 | |
| Calcium | - | 1.099 (0.553) | 1.291 (0.548) | 1.331 (0.548) |
| - | 0.047 | 0.019 | 0.016 | |
| (DE + GE)×Calcium | - | - | - | −0.851 (0.699) |
| - | - | - | 0.22 | |
| Difference Exposure | ||||
| DE – GE | −0.814 (0.551) | −1.018 (0.557) | −1.070 (0.551) | −1.010 (0.554) |
| 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.052 | 0.07 | |
| Calcium | - | 1.084 (0.553) | 1.275 (0.548) | 1.294 (0.548) |
| - | 0.050 | 0.020 | 0.019 | |
| (DE - GE)×Calcium | - | - | - | −1.135 (1.166) |
| - | - | - | 0.33 |
Isoflavone effects included mean-centered daidzein excretion (DE), genistein excretion (GE), sum excretion (DE + GE), or difference excretion (DE – GE) controlling for calcium. Overall mean (minimum, maximum) for isoflavones in mg/h (N=166 subjects) were 0.385 (0.003, 3.028) for DE, 0.167 (0.003, 0.9340) for GE, 0.551 (0.006, 3.817) for DE + GE, and 0.218 (−0.440, 2.239) for DE – GE, and for calcium was 9.146 (8, 10.6) mg/dL.
Models 1–4 included days on supplement of isoflavones, but results of effects of days on supplements, age at entry, race and BMI are not shown.
Estimate of regression coefficient, β, and corresponding standard error (SE) for effect indicated.
P value for the significance of the effect indicated.
Effect (variable) not included in models.